Ana buƙatar na'urori masu karewa (SPDs) don a gwada su a ƙarƙashin shafunan kwalliyar ruwa tare da zane-zane na 8 / 20 ms da 10 / 350 ms. Duk da haka, tare da inganta kayan SPD, fasaha da tsayayya na SPDs a karkashin irin wannan gwajin gwajin na bukatar ƙarin bincike. Don bincika da kwatanta iyawar SPDs a karkashin 8 / 20 ms da kuma 10 / 350 ms, ba a yi gwajin gwaje-gwaje akan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i-nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halitta (MOVs) da aka yi amfani dashi ga aji na SPDs. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa MOVs da wutar lantarki masu iyakance mafi girma sun fi dacewa da kwarewa a karkashin 8 / 20ms halin yanzu, yayin da ƙarshe a karkashin 10 / 350ms motsa jiki a yanzu shi ne kishiyar. A karkashin 10 / 350 ms a halin yanzu, rashin nasarar MOV yana da alaka da ƙwaƙwalwar makamashi ta kowace ƙa'idar mota a ƙarƙashin motsi daya. Crack shine babban lalacewa a karkashin 10 / 350ms a halin yanzu, wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi a gefe ɗaya na lalata wutar lantarki na MOV da kuma takarda mai kwakwalwa. Ablation na abu ZnO, wanda aka sanya ta hanyar walƙiya a tsakanin na'ura na lantarki da ZnO surface, ya bayyana kusa da na'ura ta MOV.

1. Gabatarwa

Ana amfani da na'urori masu karewa (SPDs) da aka haɗa da tsarin wutar lantarki, saukar sadarwa da sigina na sigina don a gwada su a karkashin bukatun IEC da IEEE [1-5]. Idan aka la'akari da wurin da yiwuwar hasken wutar lantarki mai yiwuwa zai iya sha wahala, ana bukatar waɗannan SPDs don gwadawa a ƙarƙashin shafuka mai kwakwalwa tare da zane na 8 / 20 ms da 10 / 350 ms [4-6]. Ana yin amfani da nau'ikan 8 / 20 ms na yanzu akan simintin walƙiya [6-8]. A halin yanzu ba da kyauta (In) da kuma iyakar fitarwa na SPDs an daidaita su tare da 8 / 20 ms na halin yanzu [4-5]. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da nauyin 8 / 20 ms na yau da kullum don SPD matakan lantarki da kuma gwajin aikin aiki [4]. Hanyar 10 / 350ms a halin yanzu ana amfani dasu don daidaita yanayin walƙiya mai sauƙi a yanzu [7-10]. Wannan ma'auni yana saduwa da sigogi don fitarwa ta yanzu don jaraba na SPD, wanda aka yi amfani dashi don ƙarin ƙarin gwaji akan aji na SPDs [4]. A lokacin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje [4-5], ana buƙatar adadin ƙididdigar motsi don amfani da SPDs. Alal misali, rafin 8 / 20 da 10 / 350 x 4 na goma sha biyar suna buƙata don gwajin aikin aiki na aji na SPDs [8]. Duk da haka, tare da inganta kayan SPD, fasaha da tsayayya na SPDs a karkashin irin wannan gwajin gwajin na bukatar ƙarin bincike. Binciken da suka gabata ya fi mayar da hankali kan aikin MOV a karkashin nau'in 20 / 11 ms na yanzu [14-10] na yanzu, yayin da ba a gudanar da bincike sosai ba a yayin da aka yi maimaita 350 / 15 ms din. Bugu da ƙari, ɗayan I SPDs, wanda aka sanya a wuraren da aka fi girma a cikin gine-gine da kuma tsarin rarraba, sun fi sauki ga walƙiyoyin walƙiya [16-8]. Saboda haka, fasaha da tsayayya na kwarewa Na SPDs a karkashin 20 / 10 ms da kuma 350 / 8 ms halayen motsi sun zama dole don a bincika. Wannan takarda ta bincika gwajin gwagwarmaya na aji na SPDs a karkashin 20 / 10 ms da kuma 350 / XNUMX ms. Nau'ikan nau'ikan MOV guda uku da aka yi amfani da su na aji na SPDs an karɓa don bincike. Ana amfani da amplitude da yawancin hanyoyi na zamani don gwaje-gwajen da yawa. Ana kwatanta kwatancin da aka yi wa MOVs a karkashin nau'i nau'i biyu. Yanayin rashin nasara na samfurori MOV da suka kasa bayan gwaje-gwaje an kuma tantance su.

2. Layout na Gwajin

Nau'ikan nau'ikan MOV guda uku da aka yi amfani da su na aji na SPDs an karɓa a cikin gwaje-gwaje. Ga kowane nau'i na MOVs, 12 samfurori da EPCOS ke yi sun karu a karkashin nau'i-nau'i hudu. Siffofin su na ainihi an nuna su a TABLE I, inda In nuna wakilin MOV na yanzu a karkashin 8 / 20μs, Imax ya wakilci matsakaicin fitarwa a yanzu a karkashin 8 / 20μs motsi, Iimp yana wakiltar matsakaicin halin yanzu a karkashin 10 / 350μs motsi, UDC1mA wakiltar ƙarfin MOV da aka auna a karkashin 1 mA DC yanzu, Ur ya wakilci wutar lantarki na MOV a karkashin In.

Fig. 1 yana nuna jigon jigilar na yanzu wanda za'a iya gyara don fitar da 10 / 350 ms da 8 / 20 ms halin yanzu. Ana amfani da sahun Pearson don auna ma'aunin tasirin a kan gwajin MOV. Ana amfani da ragowar mai rarraba wutar lantarki na 14.52 don auna ma'aunin zafin jiki. Ana amfani da oscilloscope dijital TEK DPO3014 don rubuta rubutun gwaji.

Bisa ga tsarin gwajin SPD [4], mahimmancin da aka karɓa don 8 / 20 ms na yanzu sun hada da 30kA (0.75Imax) da 40kA (Imax). Maganin da aka karɓa don 10 / 350 ms na yanzu sun haɗa da 0.75Iimp da Iimp. Nuna ga gwajin aikin aiki na MOVs [4], ana amfani da nau'in 8 / 20ms goma sha biyar akan samfurori na MOV, kuma ragon tsakanin motsi shine 60 s. Sabili da haka, ana nuna magungunan gwajin gwaji a Fig. 2.

Hanyar gwaji za a iya bayyana shi kamar:

(1) Sakamakon farko: An samo samfurori MOV tare da UDC1mA, Ur, da hotuna a farkon gwaje-gwaje.

(2) Aiwatar da abubuwa goma sha biyar: Daidaita jigon jigilar mahallin yanzu don samar da abin da ake bukata yanzu. Abubuwa goma sha biyar tare da lokaci na 60 s ana amfani dashi a kan samfurin MOV a gaba daya.

(3) Yi rikodin tsarin kwastar da aka tsara na tashoshin MOV da kuma ƙwanƙwasa bayan kowace aikace-aikacen motsi.

(4) Duba kayan dubawa da ma'auni bayan gwaje-gwaje. Bincika fuskar MOV don fashewa ko flashover. Sanya UDC1MA da Ur bayan gwaje-gwajen. Ɗauki hotuna na MOV masu lalata bayan gwaje-gwaje. Ka'idojin fassarar gwaje-gwajen, bisa ga IEC 61643-11 [4], na buƙatar cewa duka na'urorin lantarki da na yanzu, tare da dubawa na gani, ba zai nuna nuni da fashewa ko flashover na samfurori ba. Bugu da kari, IEEE Std. C62.62 [5] ya nuna cewa postwar ƙaddamar da Ur (MOV ƙidayawa a cikin In) ba zai karu fiye da 10% daga pretest ƙaddara Ur. Std. IEC 60099-4 [17] ma yana buƙatar cewa UDC1MA kada ya karu fiye da 5% bayan gwajin gwaji.

  1. Hanyar da za a iya tsayayya a karkashin 8 / 20 ms halin yanzu halin yanzu

A cikin wannan ɓangaren, ana amfani da rafin 8 / 20 ms tare da amplitudes na 0.75Imax da Imax a kan samfurorin SPD a bi da bi. Sakamakon canji na posttest ya auna UDC1mA da Ur ne aka bayyana a matsayin:

inda, Ucr yana wakiltar yanayin canji na ma'auni waɗanda aka auna. Uat yana wakiltar darajar da aka auna bayan gwaje-gwaje. Ubt yana wakiltar darajar da aka auna kafin gwaje-gwajen.

3.1 Sakamako a karkashin 8 / 20 ms yana buƙatar halin yanzu tare da ƙananan 0.75Imax

Sakamakon gwajin ga nau'ikan MOV guda uku a karkashin shafikan 8 / 20 ms na goma sha biyar tare da hawan 0.75Imax (30 kA) ana nuna su a TABLE II. Sakamakon kowane irin MOV shine matsakaicin samfurori guda uku.

TABLE II

Sakamako a karkashin 8 / 20 ms na tasiri tare da 30 kA gani

Za a iya gani daga TABLEI cewa bayan an yi amfani da buƙatun 8 / 20 ms goma sha biyar a kan MOVs, canje-canje na UDC1MA da Ur su ne ƙananan. "Haɗuwa" don dubawa na gani ba wani lalacewar bayyane akan MOVs gwajin. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya lura cewa tare da ƙarawar MOV iyakancewa na lantarki, Ucr ya zama ƙarami. Irin su Ucr shine mafi karami ga V460 irin MOV. Ana iya ƙaddara cewa nau'o'in nau'o'i na MOV zasu iya wuce nauyin 8 / 20 ms na goma sha biyar tare da 30 kA mafi girma.

3.2 Sakamakon da aka samu a karkashin 8 / 20 ms yana buƙatar yanzu tare da tsinkayen Imax

Idan aka la'akari da sakamakon gwaji a sama, ana kara yawan amplitude na 8 / 20 ms na yanzu zuwa 40 kA (Imax). Bugu da ƙari, yawan ƙwaƙwalwar ya karu zuwa ashirin ga V460 type MOV. Ana nuna sakamakon gwajin a cikin TABLE III. Don kwatanta ɗaukar makamashi a cikin nau'ikan MOV guda uku, Ana amfani da Ea / V don wakiltar makamashi da aka ƙwaƙwalwa ta kowace jujjuya ta matsakaicin fifiko goma sha biyar ko ashirin. A nan, ana la'akari da "matsakaici" saboda rinjayar makamashi a cikin MOV suna da bambanci daban-daban a ƙarƙashin kowane motsi.

TABLE III

Sakamako a karkashin 8 / 20 ms na tasiri tare da 40 kA gani

Ana iya kiyaye shi daga TABLE III cewa idan aka ƙara amplitude ta yanzu zuwa 40 kA, Ucr don UDC1MA ya karu fiye da 5% na V230 da V275, kodayake canjin wutar lantarki na MOV yana cikin tasiri na 10%. Binciken na gani yana nuna babu lalacewa a cikin MOVs gwajin. ForV230 da V275 irin su MOVs, Ea / V yana nufin ƙwaƙwalwar makamashi ta kowace juzu'in ƙarami tare da matsakaicin nau'i goma sha biyar. Aiki / V na V460 yana wakiltar makamashi da ƙananan juzu'i tare da matsakaicin nau'i ashirin. TABI NA III ya nuna cewa MOVs da ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma (V460) sun fi girma Ea / V fiye da MOVs tare da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki (V275 da V230). Bugu da ƙari, tare da halin yanzu yana amfani da shi a kan V460, ƙwaƙwalwar wutar lantarki ta ƙararraki (E / V) yana ƙaruwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffar 3.

Sabili da haka, ana iya ƙaddara cewa nauyin V230 da V275 MOVs ba za su iya tsayayya da nauyin 8 / 20ms goma sha biyar ba tare da zane na Imax, yayin da VOVNUMX MOV ɗin MOV zai iya tsayayya da matsakaicin fitarwa a yanzu har zuwa abubuwan 460. Wannan yana nufin cewa MOVs da ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma sun fi dacewa da kwarewa a karkashin 20 / 8ms motsa jiki yanzu.

4. Ƙwarewar da take da shi a karkashin 10 / 350 ms yana buƙatar yanzu

A cikin wannan ɓangaren, ana amfani da rafin 10 / 350 ms tare da amplitudes na 0.75Iimp da kuma Iimp a kan samfurorin SPD da bi da bi.

4.1 Sakamakon da aka samu a karkashin 10 / 350 ms yana buƙatar halin yanzu tare da ƙananan 0.75Iimp

Tun da nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan MOV daban daban, ana amfani da 10 / 350 ms iyakoki tare da amplitude na 4875A a kan V230 da V275, kuma ana amfani da hanyoyi tare da amplitude na 4500 A akan V460. Bayan an yi amfani da shafuka goma sha biyar, canje-canje ga UDC1mAand Ur a kan MOV gwajin an nuna su a TABLE IV. ΣE / V yana nufin ƙaddamar da E / V don abubuwan da ake amfani dashi.

Za a iya gani daga TABLE IV cewa bayan da aka yi amfani da rafin 10 / 350 na goma sha biyar tare da hawan 0.75Iimp, V230 na iya wuce wannan gwaji, yayin da canji ga UDC1mA na V275 ya karu fiye da 5%. Kusawa da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta sun bayyana a kan encapsulation filastik na V275. Ana nuna hoto na V275 tare da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta a Fig. 4.

Domin nau'in V460 MOV, bayan da aka yi amfani da 10 / 350 ms na 4500A karo na takwas, MOV ya ragargaje kuma ƙarfin lantarki da ƙwarewar yanzu suna da mawuyaci. Don kwatantawa, ƙarfin da aka auna da nau'ukan sarrafawa na yanzu a karkashin bakwai da na takwas 10 / 350 ms motsi a kan V460 an nuna su a siffar 5.

Fig. 5. Hakanan da aka auna da nau'ukan sarrafawa a kan V460 a karkashin 10 / 350 ms motsi

Ga V230 da V275, ΣE / V shine kammalawa na E / V don abubuwa goma sha biyar. Ga V460, ΣE / V shine kammalawa na E / V don nauyin halayen takwas. Ana iya lura cewa ko da yake Ea / V na V460 ya fi na V230 da V275, jimlar ΣE / Vof V460 ita ce mafi ƙasƙanci. Duk da haka, V460 ya sha wahala sosai. Wannan yana nufin cewa saboda girman ƙwaƙwalwa na MOV, maye gurbin MOV a karkashin 10 / 350 ms na yanzu ba shi da dangantaka da makamashi da aka damu duka (Σ E / V), amma yana iya kasancewa da alaka da makamashi da aka ƙwaƙwalwa a ƙarƙashin motsa jiki (Ea / V ). Ana iya ƙaddara cewa a karkashin 10 / 350 ms nema a yanzu, V230 na iya tsayayya da ƙari fiye da V460 type MOVs. Wannan yana nufin cewa MOVs tare da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki sun fi dacewar tsayayya a ƙarƙashin 10 / 350 ms na yanzu, wanda ya saba da ƙarshe a karkashin 8 / 20 ms halin yanzu a halin yanzu.

4.2 Sakamakon da aka samu a karkashin 10 / 350 ms yana buƙatar yanzu tare da kullun Iimp

Lokacin da aka karu da nauyin 10 / 350 ms na yanzu zuwa Iimp, duk MOV da aka gwada ba zai iya wucewa goma sha biyar ba. Sakamakon da ke karkashin 10 / 350 ms na tasirin ruwa tare da amplitude na Iimp ana nuna su a TABLE V, inda "Daidaitawar lambar ƙira" yana nufin ƙimar da MOV zai iya tsayayya kafin ƙaddamarwa.

Ana iya kiyaye shi daga TABLE V cewa V230 tare da Ea / V na 122.09 J / cm3 na iya tsayayya da abubuwa takwas na 10 / 350 ms yayin da V460 da Ea / V na 161.09 J / cm3 zasu iya wuce abubuwa uku kawai, kodayake mafi girma da aka karɓa a yanzu V230 (6500 A) ya fi hakan ga V460 (6000 A). Wannan yana tabbatar da ƙaddara cewa MOVs tare da babban ƙarfin lantarki mai sauƙi sun fi sauƙi lalacewa a karkashin 10 / 350 ms yanzu. Za'a iya bayyana wannan sabon bayani: babban wutar lantarki da 10 / 350 ms take amfani da shi a yanzu za a shawo kan MOVs. Don MOVs tare da ƙarfin lantarki mai tsawo a karkashin 10 / 350 ms na yanzu, za a ƙara yin amfani da makamashi a cikin rukuni na MOV fiye da haka a cikin MOV tare da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki, kuma rinjayar makamashi zai haifar da gazawar MOV. Duk da haka, ingancin gazawa a karkashin 8 / 20 ms yanzu yana buƙatar karin bincike.

Kayayyakin dubawa yana nuna cewa an samu siffar lalacewa iri iri a kan nau'ikan MOV guda uku a karkashin 10 / 350 ms yanzu. Ɗaya daga cikin gefen filayen filastik na MOV da rubutun lantarki na rectangular. Ablation na kayan ZnO ya bayyana a kusa da takardar lantarki, wadda ta haifar da flashover tsakanin na'ura ta MOV da ZnO surface. Ana nuna hotunan lalacewar V230 a cikin siffar 6.

5. Kammalawa

Ana buƙatar SPDs don gwadawa a ƙarƙashin shafuka mai kwalliya ta musamman tare da zane-zane na 8 / 20 ms da 10 / 350 ms. Domin bincika da kwatanta iyawar SPDs a karkashin 8 / 20 ms da kuma 10 / 350 ms na tasirin, wasu gwaje-gwajen da aka yi tare da mafi kyawun fitarwa na yanzu don 8 / 20 ms (Imax) da 10 / 350 ms (Iimp) , da kuma amplitudes na 0.75Imax da 0.75Iimp. Nau'ikan nau'ikan MOV guda uku da aka yi amfani da su na aji na SPDs an karɓa don bincike. Wasu ƙaddara za a iya kusantar.

(1) MOVs tare da wutar lantarki mafi girma sun fi dacewa tsayayya a karkashin 8 / 20ms motsa jiki yanzu. Kwayoyin V230 da V275 MOVs ba za su iya tsayayya da 8 / 20ms na goma sha biyar ba tare da tsinkaye na Imax, yayin da na V460 MOV zai iya wucewa ashirin.

(2) MOVs tare da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki sun fi dacewa tsayayya a karkashin 10 / 350 ms na yanzu. Halin V230 na MOV zai iya tsayayya da nauyin 10 / 350 ms na 460 tare da kullun Iimp, yayin da VXNUMX kawai zai wuce abubuwa uku.

(3) Idan aka la'akari da ƙarar naúrar MOV a karkashin 10 / 350 ms na yanzu, ƙarfin wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin motsi ɗaya zai iya dangantaka da rashin nasarar MOV, maimakon taƙaitaccen makamashi a ƙarƙashin dukkan abubuwan da ake amfani da su.

(4) Ana ganin nau'in lalacewa iri iri iri a kan nau'ikan MOV guda uku a karkashin 10 / 350 ms. Ɗaya daga cikin gefen filayen filastik na MOV da rubutun lantarki na rectangular. Ablation na abu ZnO, wanda ya haifar da flashover tsakanin fayil na lantarki da ZnO surface, ya bayyana a kusa da na'urar ta MOV.