How do I select a proper Prosurge SPD for my application?

Though we try our best to offer an extensive, thorough product presentation on our website, catalogs and other documents, we believe the best way for model selecting is to consult with us with your requirement and then our professional will recommend a suitable model.

What are ANSI/UL 1449 Third Edition Versus IEC 61643-1 – Key Differences In Testing

The following examines a few of the key differences between Underwriters Laboratory’s required test for surge protective devices (SPDs); ANSI/UL 1449 Third Edition and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) required test for SPDs, IEC 61643-1. Short Circuit Current Rating (SCCR): The capacity of current with which the tested SPD can withstand at the terminals where connected, without breaching the enclosure in any way. UL: Tests the full product at twice the nominal voltage to see if entire product is completely offline. The entire product (as shipped) is tested; including metal oxide varistors (MOVs). IEC: Test only looks at the terminals and the physical connections to determine if they are robust enough to handle the fault. MOVs are replaced with a copper block and a manufacturer’s recommended fuse is placed in-line (external to the device). Imax: Per IEC 61643-1 – The crest value of a current through the SPD having an 8/20 waveshape and magnitude according to the test sequence of the class II operating duty test. UL: Does not recognize the need for an Imax test. IEC: An operating duty cycle test is used to ramp up to an Imax point (determined by the manufacturer). This is meant to find “blind points” within the design when subjected to a high level impulse. This is conducted as a life expectancy or robustness test. The fuse needs to withstand Imax, and the test checks thermal stability of the SPD (after each duty cycle impulse bringing the SPD up to its maximum continuous operating voltage MCOV) and its physical condition。 I nominal: The crest value of the current through the SPD having a current waveshape of 8/20. UL: I nominal test is similar to the IEC’s, however, the I nominal results do not link to a Up value (a value used internationally for electrical coordination). Instead, UL uses I nominal to determine a product’s Voltage Protection Rating (VPR). Levels are limited to a maximum of 20 kA. The SPD remains functional after 15 surges. IEC: Does not limit I nominal testing to 20kA, however, the manufacturer’s selected In level is used to get a Up value, a value considered to be the protective performance of the SPD. This value is used for electrical coordination(ratings of building wire, equipment). Therefore the goal of the manufacturer is to try to attain the highest Inominal level with the lowest Up results. Many manufactures opt to only test as high as 20 kA so they will appear to have a low Up. Class versus category UL: UL Type designation is a location designator with a difference to the way I nominal is tested (for device which provides SCCR needs to be included and survive when doing I nominal testing). IEC: Designates certain tests as a class I, II, or III. Class designation between I and II has to do with the impulse applied – Class I; an I imp test (10×350) and a class II – 8 x 20 μs. The IEC designates certain tests as a class I, II, or III and can beconfused with UL’s Type I, II, III, or IV designations. There is some validity to both identifying the product’s approved installation location (UL) and applying a more robust impulse/waveform to those products that will be installed in harsher locations (IEC). Waveforms: A graph of an impulse wave that shows its shape and changes in amplitude with time. UL: Recognizes the 8 x 20 μs waveform. IEC: The IEC incorporates 2 waveforms into their test, the 8 x 20 μs which is used for class II testing to represent surges induced onto power lines. And the 10 x 350 μs waveform which is used for class I testing that represents partial or direct lightning currents (due to building or power line strikes).The IEC also uses other ring wave type waveforms for point of use (class III) tests.

How do I know which is the correct surge protection device that must be installed?

Choosing the right surge arrester(s) is a key factor to guarantee correct protection of the installation. A poorly designed Lightning & Surge protection system may lead to early ageing of the SPD and potential failure of the protective devices in the installation allowing damage to the primary systems up stream, thus defeating the rationale behind the protection being installed Prosurge does not provide a set of rules and guides to support acorrect design of the protection system according to the application. However we follow the IEC and UL lightning and surge protection standards. With this in mind we provide a cascaded system as laid down in the rules of the standard, not the rules of Prosurge. In the field of industrial applications, a standard practice is to install a cascaded protection system based on several coordinated protective devices installed at different stages (LPZ’s). The benefit of this strategy is the fact that it allows a high discharge capacity close to the installation entrance along with a low residual voltage (level of protection) at the main incomer of installation of sensitive equipment. The design of such a protective system is, amongst other factors, based on the assessment of information such as existence of a lightning rod (Lightning Protection System) and type of incoming power supply lines, secondary primary equipment and data systems. The solutions provide protection against either Transient or Permanent (TOV) overvoltages or against both of them (T+P) simultaneously. The final product choice depends on parameters such as: type of installation, type of network disconnection (operation on MCB or RCD), auto reclosing, breaking capacity, etc. Usually you can refer IEC61643- Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 12:Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems -Selection and application principles

Can lightning destroy the photovoltaic system?

Photovoltaic systems are technologically highly sensitive and a direct lightning strike would definitely destroy it. There is also yet another hazard,as a lightning strike could create surge voltage near the solar power system and these surge voltages can also destroy the system. The inverter is the primary point in need of protection. Usually, inverters will integrate surge-voltage protectors into their inverters. However, since these components only discharge small voltage peaks, you should consider using surge protective devices (SPD) in individual cases.

Are joule ratings a specification used for SPD?

In the past, some manufacturers have used joule ratings in their specifications. They are not considered a good indicator for SPD performance and not recognized by any standard organizations. Prosurge doesn’t support this specification also.

Is “Response Time”a valid specification?

Response time specifications are not supported by any standards organizations overseeing Surge Protective Devices.IEEE C62.62 Standard Test Specification for SPDs specifically mentions it should not be used as a specification.

What are the different power systems in use in the US and what are the protection needs for each?

The US power distribution system is a TN-C-S system. This implies that the Neutral and Ground conductors are bonded at the service entrance of each, and every, facility or separately derived sub-system. This means that the neutral-to-ground (N-G) protection mode within a multi-mode SPD installed at the service entrance panel is basically redundant. Further from this N-G bondpoint, such as in branch distribution panels, the need for this additional mode of protection is more warranted. In addition to the N-G protection mode, some SPDs can include line-to-neutral (L-N) and line-to-line (L-L) protection. On a three phase WYE system, the need for L-L protection is questionable as balanced L-N protection also provides a measure of protection on the L-L conductors. Changes to the 2002 edition of the National Electrical Code® (NEC®) (www.nfpa.org) have precluded the use of SPDs on ungrounded delta power distribution systems. Behind this rather broad statement is the intention that SPDs should not be connected L-G as by so doing these modes of protection are creating pseudo grounds to the floating system. Modes of protection connected L-L are however acceptable.The high-leg delta system is a grounded system and as such allows for protection modes to be connected L-L and L-N or L-G.

How does installation affect the performance of SPDs?

The installation of SPDs is often poorly understood. A good SPD, incorrectly installed, can prove of little benefit in real-life surge conditions. The very high rate-of-change of current, typical of a surge transient, will develop significant volt drops on the leads connecting the SPD to the panel or equipment being protected. This can mean higher than desired voltages reaching the equipment during such a surge condition. Prosurge suggests that measures to counteract this effect include locating the SPD so as to keep interconnecting lead lengths as short as possible, twisting these leads together. Using a heavier gauge AWG cable helps to some extent but this is only a second order effect. It is also important to keep protected and unprotected circuits and leads separate to avoid cross coupling of transient energy.

What is a practical surge rating for service entrance protection?

This is a difficult question and depends on many aspects including – site exposure, regional is okeraunic levels and utility supply. A statistical study of lightning strike probability reveals that the average lightning discharge is between 30 and 40kA, while only 10% of lightning discharges exceed 100kA. Given that a strike to a transmission feeder is likely to share the total current received into anumber of distribution paths, the reality of the surge current entering a facility can be very much less than that of the lightning strike which precipitate it. The ANSI/IEEE C62.41.1-2002 standard seeks to characterize the electrical environment at different locations throughout a facility. It defines the service entrance location as between a B and C environment, meaning that surge currents up to 10kA 8/20 can be experienced in such locations. This said,SPDs located in such environments are often rated above such levels to provide a suitable operating life expectancy, 100kA/phase being typical.

What are surges transients, and temporary over-voltages, and what are their typical characteristics?

Although often used as separate terms in the surge industry, Transients and Surges are the same phenomenon. Transients and Surges can be current, voltage, or both and can have peak values in excess of 10kA or 10kV. They are typically of very short duration (usually >10 µs & <1 ms), with a waveform that has a very rapid rise to the peak and then falls off at a much slower rate. Transients and Surges can be caused by external sources such as lightning or a short circuit, or from internal sources such as Contactor switching, Variable Speed Drives, Capacitor switching, etc. Temporary over voltages (TOVs) are oscillatory phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase over voltages that can last as little as a few seconds or as long as several minutes. Sources of TOV’s include fault reclosing, load switching, ground impedance shifts,single-phase faults and ferroresonance effects to name a few. Due to their potentially high voltage and long duration, TOV’s can be very detrimental to MOV-based SPD’s. An extended TOV can cause permanent damage to an SPD and render the unit inoperable. Note that while UL 1449 (3rd Edition) ensures that the SPD will not create a safety hazard under these conditions, SPDs are not designed to protect against TOVs.

Do SPDs protect against direct lightning strikes?

A direct lighting strike is the most powerful and difficult surge to protect against. Prosurge recommend that Proper grounding and bonding of the electrical system and employing proper surge protection can protect sensitive equipment. A SPD with a higher single surge current rating will perform best against this type of event, if the unit is properly installed and the grounding system is adequate.The maximum single withstand surge current rating is defined in IEEE SPD Standard C62.62.

What is Suppressed Voltage Rating (SVR) and Voltage Protection Rating (VPR)?

SVR was part of an earlier version of UL 1449 Edition and is no longer used in the UL 1449 standard. The SVR was replaced by VPR. VPR is part of the UL 1449 3rd Edition and is the clamping performance data for SPDs. Each SPD mode is subjected to a 6kV/3kA combination surge wave and its measured clamping value is rounded up to the nearest value based on table 63.1 from UL 1449 3rd Edition.

How are SPDs related to UL 96A?

UL 96A is the standard for Lightning Protection systems. For a building to meet UL 96A is must have a Type 1 SPD with a Nominal Discharge Current rating of 20kA installed at the service entrance.

How does a Type 1 SPD compare to a Type 2 SPD?

Some key differences between Type 1 and Type 2 SPDs are: External Overcurrent Protection. Type 2 SPDs may require external overcurrent protection or it may be included within the SPD. Type 1 SPDs generally include overcurrent protection within the SPD or other means to satisfy the requirements of the standard; thus, Type 1 SPDs and Type 2 SPDs that do not require external overcurrent protection devices eliminate the potential for installing an incorrectly rated (mismatched) overcurrent protection device with the SPD. Nominal Discharge Current Ratings. Available Nominal Discharge Current (In) ratings of Type 1 SPDs are 10 kA or 20 kA; whereas, Type 2 SPDs may have 3 kA , 5 kA, 10 kA or 20 kA Nominal Discharge Current ratings. UL 1283 EMI/RFI Filtering. Some UL 1449 Listed SPDs include filter circuits that have been evaluated as a UL 1283 (Standard for Electromagnetic Interference Filters) filter. These are complimentary UL Listed as a UL 1283 filter and a UL 1449 SPD. By definition and the scope of UL 1283, UL 1283 Listed filters are evaluated for load-side applications only, not line-side applications. Consequently, UL will not complimentary list a Type 1 SPD as a UL 1283 Listed filter. However, a Type 1 SPD might include a UL 1283 filter as a Recognized Component within a Listed Type 1 SPD, which has been fully evaluated for lineside usage. Manufacturers of such products generally offer the identical SPD as a Type 2 UL 1449 Listed SPD with complimentary Listing as a UL 1283 Listed filter. Capacitors. Capacitors utilized in Type 1 SPDs may be evaluated for safety differently than in Type 2 SPDs. All capacitors in Type 1 SPD applications are evaluated to UL 810 (Standard for Capacitors). This includes filtering capacitors referenced above in UL 1283 (Standard for Electromagnetic Interference Filters) applications. Capacitors in Type 2 SPDs are evaluated to UL 1414 (Standard for Capacitors and Suppressors for Radio- and Television-Type Appliances) and/or UL 1283 (Standard for Electromagnetic Interference Filters).

What are the UL SPD Type categories and what do they mean?

Type 1 SPDs (Listed) – Permanently connected, hard-wired SPDs intended for installation between the secondary of the service transformer and the line side of the main service equipment overcurrent protective device, as well as the load side of the main service equipment (i.e. Type 1’s can be installed anywhere within the distribution system). Type 1 SPDs include watt-hour meter socket enclosure type SPDs. Being on the line side of the service disconnect where there are no overcurrent protective devices to protect an SPD, Type 1 SPDs must be listed without the use of an external overcurrent protective device. The Nominal Discharge Current Rating for Type 1 SPDs is either 10kA or 20kA. Type 2 SPDs (Listed) – Permanently connected, hard-wired SPDs intended for installation on the load side of the main service equipment overcurrent protective device. These SPDs may also be installed at the main service equipment, but must be installed on the load side of the main service overcurrent protective device. Type 2 SPDs may or may not require an overcurrent protection device per their NRTL listing. If a specific overcurrent protection is required, the SPD’s NRTL listing file and labeling/instructions are required to note the size and type of overcurrent protective device. Note: In some cases the overcurrent protective device used can impact the nominal discharge rating of the SPD. For example, the SPD may have a 10 kA nominal discharge current rating when protected by a 30 Amp circuit breaker and a 20 kA nominal discharge current rating when protected by a different but specific make and model of overcurrent protection device. The Nominal Discharge Current Rating for Type 2 SPDs is 3 kA, 5 kA, 10 kA, or 20 kA. Type 3 SPDs (Listed) – These SPDs are called, ‘Point of Utilization SPDs’, which are to be installed at a minimum conductor length of 10 meter (30 feet) from the electrical service panel unless they are evaluated at Type 2 SPDs (that is, they receive a Nominal Discharge Current Rating of 3 kA minimum). Typically, these are cord-connected surge strips, direct plug-in SPDs, or receptacle-type SPDs installed at the utilization equipment being protected (i.e. computers, copy machines, etc.). Type 1, 2, 3 Component Assembly SPDs (Component Recognized) – These SPDs are intended to be factory installed into electrical distribution equipment or end-use equipment. These are Recognized Component SPDs evaluated for use in Type 1, 2 or 3 SPD applications. Such component SPDs must pass all the same electrical safety failure tests as listed Type 1, 2 or 3 SPDs. While these SPDs are 100% compliant from a safety failure testing point of view, these Type 1, 2 and 3 component assembly SPDs have conditions of acceptability such as exposed terminals or other mechanical construction that requires them to be installed or housed within a listed assembly to provide protection from exposure to live parts or other requirements. These Type 1, 2 or 3 Recognized Component SPDs should not be confused with ANSI/UL 1449-2006 Type 4 Component Assemblies and Type 5 discrete SPD components that require additional components (possibly safety disconnectors), design and testing in order to be used as a complete surge protective device. Type 4 Component Assembly SPD (Component Recognized) –– These component assemblies consist of one or more Type 5 SPD components together with a disconnector (integral or external) or a means of complying with the limited current tests in UL 1449, Section 39.4. These are incomplete SPD assemblies, which typically are installed in listed end-use products as long as all conditions of acceptability are met. These Type 4 component assemblies are incomplete as an SPD, require further evaluation and are not permitted to be installed in the field as a stand-alone SPD. Often, these devices require additional overcurrent protection. Type 5 SPD (Component Recognized) – Discrete component surge protection devices, such as MOVs that may be mounted on a printed wiring board, connected by its leads or provided within an enclosure with mounting means and wiring terminations. These Type 5 SPD components are incomplete as an SPD, require further evaluation and are not permitted to be installed in the field as a stand-alone SPD. Type 5 SPDs are generally the components used in the design and construction of complete SPDs or other SPD assemblies.

What is the UL Short Circuit Current Rating (SCCR)?

SSCR-Short Circuit Current Rating. The suitability of an SPD for use on an AC power circuit that is capable of delivering not more than a declared rms symmetrical current at a declared voltage during a short circuit condition. SCCR is not the same as AIC (Amp Interrupting Capacity). SCCR is the amount of “available”current that the SPD can be subjected to and safely disconnect from the power source under short circuit conditions. The amount of current “interrupted” by the SPD is typically significantly less than the “available” current. UL 1449 and the National Electric Code (NEC) require the SCCR (Short Circuit Current Rating) to be marked on all SPD units. It is not a surge rating, but the maximum allowable current a SPD can interrupt in the event of failure. The NEC/UL has a requirement that the SPD be tested and labelled with a SCCR equal to, or greater than the available fault current at that point in the system.

What is important when specifying SPD?

When specifying SPD, submit a clear, concise specification detailing the required performance and design features. A minimum specification should include: • UL surge rating • Suppression rating • Short circuit rating • Peak surge current per mode (L-N, L-G, and N-G) • voltage and configuration of electrical service

What is a Surge Protective Device or Surge Arrestor (SPD)?

SPD is a device designed to limit surge energy to electrical equipment. It does this by diverting or limiting surge current. An SPD is wired in parallel to the equipment it is intended to protect. Once the surge voltage exceeds its designed rating it “begins to clamp” and starts to conduct energy directly to the electrical grounding system. An SPD has a very low resistance during this time and “shorts” the energy to ground. Once the surge is over it “opens” up, so it does not trigger upstream circuit breakers.

FAQ - Whakatairanga

Q: Do SPDs protect against direct lightning strikes?

A direct lighting strike is the most powerful and difficult surge to protect against. Prosurge recommend that Proper grounding and bonding of the electrical system and employing proper surge protection can protect sensitive equipment. A SPD with a higher single surge current rating will perform best against this type of event, if the unit is properly installed and the grounding system is adequate.The maximum single withstand surge current rating is defined in IEEE SPD Standard C62.62.

Me pehea taku whiriwhiri i te SPD Whakatairanga tika mo taku tono?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:34:33+08:00

Me pehea taku whiriwhiri i te SPD Whakatairanga tika mo taku tono?

Ahakoa ka whakamatau mätau ki te tuku i tëtahi whakaaturanga tino hua, i runga i to mätou paetukutuku, i ö tuhinga, i ëtahi atu tuhinga hoki, e whakapono ana mätou ko te huarahi pai mo te tauira whiriwhiri ko te korero ki a mätou me tö whakaritenga me te kaitohutohu o tö mätou tohunga ki te tauira tika.

He aha te ANSI / UL 1449 Whakatika Tuatoru ki te IEC 61643-1 - Nga Korero Nui i Nga WhakamātautauTuhinga2017-10-31T17:29:56+08:00

He aha te ANSI / UL 1449 Whakatika Tuatoru ki te IEC 61643-1 - Nga Korero Nui i Nga Whakamātautau

Ko nga mea e whai ake nei he tirotiro i etahi o nga rereketanga rereke i waenga i te whakamātautau e hiahiatia ana mo te Hangarau mo nga papa tiaki (SPDs); Ko te ANSI / UL 1449 me te Komihana Electrotechnical International (IEC) e hiahiatia ana mo nga SPDs, IEC 61643-1.

Ko te Whakaaetanga Poto poto (CSC) poto poto: Ko te kaha o te waahi nei e taea ai e te SPD whakamatautau te tu ki nga pito i hono ai, me te kore e takahi i te pou i tetahi ara.

UL: Ka whakamatautau i te hua tonu i te rua o te ngaohira kua whakaingoatia hei kite mehemea kei te tuimotu katoa te hua katoa. Kei te whakamatauria te hua katoa (rite te uta); tae atu ki nga rereketanga o te waikura (MOVs).

IEC: Ko te whakamatautau anake e titiro ana ki nga taangata me nga hononga taangata ki te whakatau mehemea he kaha te kaha ki te whakatutuki i te hapa. Ka whakakapihia nga MOV ki te poraka parahi, ka whakanohoia te raupapa o te kaiwhakanao i te raina (i waho ki te taputapu).

Imax: Na IEC 61643-1 - Ko te uara o te mea kei roto i te SPD he 8 / 20 te ngaru me te nui i runga i te waahanga whakamatautau o te whakamatautau i te waahanga II.

UL: Kaore e mohio ana he hiahia mo te whakamatautau Imax.

IEC: Ka whakamahia he whakamatautau mo te huringa huringa hei whakahaere i te tohu Imax (na te kaiwhakanao i whakatau) Ko te tikanga tenei kia kitea nga "tohu matapo" i roto i te hoahoa ka whakaekea ana e te wairua kaha. Ka whakahaerehia tenei hei tumanakotanga mo te koiora, mo te kaha ranei o te whakamatautau. Me mau tonu te hononga ki te Imax, ka tirohia e te whakamatautau te pumau o te SPD (i muri i nga nekehanga o te huringa o te huringa, ka kawe te SPD ki te MCOV) me te ahuatanga o te tinana。

Ka whakaingoatia ahau: Ko te uara o te waahi kei roto nei i te SPD he ngaru o te 8 / 20.

UL: He rite tonu taku whakamatautau ki te IEC, heoi, kaore i te hono atu nga hua o te waahanga ki te Uara Whakauru (he uara i whakamahia i te ao mo te whakakotahi hiko). Engari, ka whakamahia e UL taku ingoa mo te whakatau i te Whakatau Whakamarutanga Rawa o te Hua (VPR). Ko nga taumata e iti ana ki te nui o te 20 kA. Kei te mahi tonu te SPD i muri i nga ngaru 15.

IEC: E kore e whakawhitinga i taku whakamatautau whakaingoa ki te 20KA, engari, ko te kaiwhakamahana kua tohua i roto i te taumata hei whakamahi i te uara Up, he uara e kiia ana ko te mahi tiaki o te SPD. Ka whakamahia tenei uara mo te whakakotahi hiko (nga waahanga o te hanga whare, nga taputapu).

Na reira ko te kaupapa o te kaiwhakanao ko te whakamatautau ki te whakatutuki i te taumata Teitei rawa me nga hua o runga ake. He maha nga mea e whakaputa ana ki te whakamatau anake kia rite ki te 20 kA kia nui ake te Up.

Ko te akomanga me te waahanga

UL: UL Ko te ingoa ingoa ko te kaihoahoa tauwāhi me te rerekētanga ki te huarahi e tohua ai au (he mea whakamatautauria mo te taputapu e whakarato ana i te SCCR me te ora i te wa e mahi ana ahau i te whakamatautau i te waahanga).

IEC: Ka tohua etahi whakamatautau hei akomanga I, II, III ranei. Ko te ingoa o te karaehe i waenga i te I me te II e pa ana ki te koronga kua whakaritea - Akomanga I; he whakamātautau imp I (10 × 350) me te akomanga II - 8 x 20 μs.

Ko te IEC e tohu ana i etahi whakamatautau ano he akomanga I, II, III ranei, ka taea te whakaahuru ki nga ingoa MI I, II, III, ranei IV. He tika ki te tautuhi i te tauranga tautuhinga kua whakamanatia e te hua (UL) me te tono i te kaha o te hiahia / ngawari ki nga hua ka whakauruhia ki nga waahi whaitake (IEC).

Waveforms: He kauwhata o te ngaru pupuhi e whakaatu ana i tona ahuatanga me te huringa i te kaha o te wahanga.

UL: E mohio ana ki te hanganga Uara 8 x 20 μs.

IEC: Ka whakauruhia e te IEC nga tohu waitohu 2 ki to ratou whakamatautau, ko te 8 x 20 μs e whakamahia ana mo te whakamatautau II kia tohuhia nga awangawanga ki nga raina mana. Na te 10 x 350 μs ka whakamahia mo te akomanga e whakamatautau ana i nga awa e rere ana i te waahanga (e tika ana ki te hanganga whare raanei ranei) .Ua whakamahia ano e te IEC etahi atu awangawhanga momo ngaru mo te waahanga whakamahi (tauira III).

Me pehea e mohio ai ahau ko wai te taputapu tiaki tika e tika ana kia whakauruhia?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:28:05+08:00

Me pehea e mohio ai ahau ko wai te taputapu tiaki tika e tika ana kia whakauruhia?

Ko te kowhiri i te arrester ngaru tika te mea nui hei tohu ki te tiaki tika i te whakaurunga. Ko te punaha tiaki Uira me te aupiki arai kaore pea i pai te koroheketanga o te SPD me te ngoikore pea o nga taputapu aarai ki te whakaurunga kia ngoikore nga punaha tuatahi ki te rere, na reira ka hinga te kaupapa i muri o te whakaurutanga o te tiaki

Kaore he kaupapa whakaratohia e te panui hei awhina mo te tautoko i te hoahoa whaimana o te punaha tiaki i runga i te tono. Engari e whai ana matou i nga paerewa mo te uira me te UL. Ma tenei e whakaarohia ana e matou he raupapa whakapae i whakatakotoria i roto i nga ture o te paerewa, ehara i nga ture o te Whakatairanga.

I roto i te papa o nga tono ahumahi, he mahinga paerewa ko te whakauru i tetahi raupapa whakamarumaru i runga i te maha o nga taputapu whakamaru kua whakaritea i nga waahanga rereke (LPZ). Ko te painga o tenei rautaki ko te mema ka taea e te kaha te whakawhiti ki te tomokanga whakauru me te hiko iti iti (te taumata o te tiaki) i te waahanga nui o te whakauru o nga taputapu taiao.

Ko te hoahoatanga o tëtahi pünaha whakamarumaru he, i waenga i ëtahi atu take, i runga i te aromatawai o nga korero penei i te wahanga o te rakau uira (Te Tiaki Tiaki Tiaki) me te momo o nga raina whakauru mana, nga taputapu tuarua me nga raupapa raraunga.

Ko nga whakautu hei whakamarumaru i nga whakaheke o te Whakaawe i te Whakanohonoho (TTT) ranei, i te wa kotahi ranei (T + P).

Ko te whakatau whakamutunga o nga hua e whai ana ki nga tautuhinga penei: te momo o te whakauru, te momo o te wehenga whatunga (te mahi i te MCB me te RCD), te whakaeke aunoa, te pakarutanga o te kaha, me etahi atu.

Te tikanga ka taea e koe te tuku IEC61643- Nga taputapu tiaki ngaru hiko-iti - Wahanga 12: Nga taputapu parekereke hono ki nga punaha tohatoha hiko iti -Whirowhiria me nga kaupapa tono

Ka taea e te uira te whakangaro i te pūnaha whakaahua?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:26:31+08:00

Ka taea e te uira te whakangaro i te pūnaha whakaahua?

Ko nga pūnaha photovoltaic he tino uaua, me te patu i te rama uira. He raru ano hoki, me te mea he uira uira te waihanga i te ngaohiko o te ngaru e tata ana ki te pūnaha mana o te ra, ka taea hoki e enei ngaohiko te tarai i te pūnaha. Ko te kaiwhakawhitiwhiti ko te mea tuatahi hei hiahia kia tiakina. I te nuinga o nga wa, ka whakauru nga kaitahurihuri i nga kaitiaki o te tihi-papahiko ki o raatau rererangi. Heoi, mai i enei mea ka tohatoha noa nga piritihi iti, me whakaaro koe ki te whakamahi i nga whakaaro tiaki hiko (SPD) i roto i nga take takitahi.

Ko nga tohu whakaari he whakamahinga i whakamahia mo te SPD?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:25:41+08:00

Ko nga tohu whakaari he whakamahinga i whakamahia mo te SPD?

I nga wa o mua, kua whakamahia e etahi o nga kaiwhakarato nga tohu o te kaitle i roto i o raatau whakaritenga. Kaore i te whakaarohia he tohu pai mo te mahi SPD me te kore e mohiotia e tetahi umanga paerewa. Kaore hoki te Kawenata e tautoko i tenei waahanga.

He "Waa Whakautu" he tohu whaimana?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:24:47+08:00

He "Waa Whakautu" he tohu whaimana?

Ko nga waahanga urupare kaore i te tautokona e etahi umanga paerewa e tirotiro ana i nga Waerenga Tiaki Ruuri.IEEE C62.62 Whakatau Whakamātautau Tauaru mo nga SPD e tohu ana kia kaua e whakamahia hei tohu.

He aha nga momo mana rerekë e whakamahia ana i roto i te US, a, he aha nga painga tiaki mo ia?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:23:39+08:00

He aha nga momo mana rerekë e whakamahia ana i roto i te US, a, he aha nga painga tiaki mo ia?

Ko te pūnaha tohatoha mana US he pūnaha TN-CS. Ko tenei e tohu ana ko nga Kaihautuku Neutral me te Whenua e hono ana ki te tomokanga ratonga o ia waahanga, me nga waahi katoa, te waahanga, te waahanga rereke ranei. Ko te tikanga tenei ko te aukati tiaki i te papa-ki-te-whenua (NG) i roto i te maha o te SPD-maha e whakauruhia ana i te raupapatanga tomokanga ratonga he tino whakaharahara. I tua atu i tenei mahinga NG, penei i nga panui tohatoha peka, me kaha ake te hiahia mo tenei atu tikanga tiaki. I tua atu i te tikanga tiaki NG, ka taea e etahi SPD te whakauru i te raina-------------------------------------------------- I runga i te raupapa WYE e toru, ko te hiahia mo te Tiaki LL he mea whakaponokore ka rite ki te whakamarumaru LN ano hoki e whakarato ana i te nui o te whakamarumaru i nga kaiwhakahaere LL.
Ko nga huringa ki te putanga 2002 o te National Electrical Code® (NEC®) (www.nfpa.org) kua whakakore i te whakamahinga o nga SPD i runga i nga punaha tohatoha mana-kore. I muri i tenei korero nui ko te hiahia kia kaua e honohia e te SPD nga korero a LG na roto i te mahi i enei ahuatanga o te whakamarumaru e hanga ana i nga pseudo whenua ki te ao tere. Ko nga ahuatanga o te whakamarumaru e honoa ana ki te LL e pai ana. Ko te pūnaha parataha nui-waewae he pūnaha hangarau, ā, ka taea e ngā momo tiaki kia honoa LL me LN me LG.

Me pehea te whakauru i te mahi o nga SPD?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:19:51+08:00

Me pehea te whakauru i te mahi o nga SPD?

Ko te whakauru i nga SPDs kaore i te marama. Ko te SPD pai, kaore i tika te whakauru, kaore pea he painga mo nga paanga o te tino ora. Ko te tere-o-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nuku o teianei, Ka taea e tenei te tikanga teitei ake i nga ngaohi e hiahiatia ana e tae ana ki nga taputapu i te wa o te paanga. Ka tohuhia e te whakapae ko nga tikanga hei whakakore i tenei mahi, ko te rapu i te SPD kia mau tonu ai te roa o te arataki i te wa e taea ai, te whakakotahi i enei arahi. Mā te whakamahi i te taapiri AWG nui atu te kaha ki te awhina i tetahi waahanga engari ko tenei anake te awe tuarua. He mea nui ano hoki te tiaki i nga awhearo kaore e tiakina, ka arahina motuhake hei karo i te honohono o te kaha o te kaha.

He aha te tohu paari mahi mo te tiaki i te tomokanga ratonga?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:17:34+08:00

He aha te tohu paari mahi mo te tiaki i te tomokanga ratonga?

He mea uaua tenei me te whakawhirinaki ki te maha o nga waahanga tae atu ki te whakaatu i te pae, ko nga rohe o te rohe o te rohe me te waahana. Ko te rangahau o te uira e whakaatu ana i te tūponotanga e whakaatu ana ko te rere o te uira o waenga i waenganui i te 30 me te 40kA, ko te 10% anake o nga rerenga uira atu i te 100kA. I te mea ko te tukunga ki te kaihautuku tuku ka tohatoha i te katoa o nga moni kua riro i roto i te waahanga o nga waahanga tohatoha, ko te ahuatanga o te tipu o te tihi kei roto i te whare ka tino iti rawa atu i tera o te whiu o te uira e tohungia ana.

Ko te paerewa ANSI / IEEE C62.41.1-2002 e rapu ana i te taiao hiko i nga waahanga rereke puta noa i te whare. Kei te tautuhi i te tauranga tomokanga ratonga i waenganui i te taiao B me te C, te tikanga ko te kaha o te tautuhinga ki te 10kA 8 / 20 ka taea te kite i enei waahi. Ko tenei, ko nga SPD kei roto i aua taiao ka tohua ake i runga ake i enei taumata hei whakarato i te wawata o te oranga o te mahi, ko te 100kA / waahi he mahinga.

He aha nga paanga o te rerenga, me nga waatea-poto, me te aha o o raatau tikanga?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:16:14+08:00

He aha nga paanga o te rerenga, me nga waatea-poto, me te aha o o raatau tikanga?

Ahakoa te nuinga o te waa ka whakamahia hei waahanga motuhake i roto i te umanga peke, ko nga Transients me nga ngaru te ahua kotahi. Ka taea e nga whakawhiti me nga nekehanga te mahi onaianei, ngaohiko, e rua ranei, ka nui pea te uara nui atu i te 10kA 10kV ranei. He tino poto te waa (he waa> 10 &s me <1 ms), he ngaru tera e tere piki ake ana ki te tihi ka taka iho ma te tere tere. Ko nga whakawhiti me nga nekehanga ka puta mai i nga puna o waho penei i te uira he ara iahiko poto ranei, mai i nga puna a-roto ranei penei i te whakawhiti a te Kaiwhakaputa, nga Tere Tere Rererangi, te Whakawhiti Kapene, etc.

Ko nga ngoikoretanga taunoa (TOVs) he waahi-te-papa-te-waa-te-waa ranei i runga i nga ngaohiko e taea ana te iti ake i te rua hēkona ranei i te roa o nga meneti. Ko nga punaa o te TOV kei roto i te pakaru o te kino, te whakawhiti i te kawenga, te rereketanga o te whenua, nga hapa whaikotahi, me nga hua o te ferroresonance hei ingoa i etahi. Na te mea he nui te ngaohiko me te roa o te wa, ka tino raruraru te TOV ki te SPD o te MOV. Ka taea e te TOV roa te whakararuraru i te SPD me te kore e taea te waahanga. Kia mahara ko te UL 1449 (3rd Edition) te whakarite kia kore e hanga e te SPD he haumaru haumaru i raro i enei tikanga, kaore i hangaia nga SPDs hei tiaki i nga TOVs.

Kei te tiaki a SPD i nga whiu a te rama?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:13:42+08:00

Kei te tiaki a SPD i nga whiu a te rama?

Ko te patu taamahi tika ko te kaha kaha me te uaua ki te tiaki i. E taunaki ana te whakapae kia pai te tiaki me te honohono o te pünaha hiko, me te whakamahi i te tiaki tipu tika hei tiaki i nga taputapu taiao. Ko te SPD me te whakaeke teitei o te wahanga kotahi e tino pai ake ana ki tenei ahuatanga o te huihuinga, ki te tika te whakauru o te waeine, me te pai te hanganga o te punaha. Ka tautuhia ki te IEEE SPD Standard CXNUM.

He aha te Whakamatau Whakamutunga Tae (SVR) me te Whakatau Whakamarutanga Huringa (VPR)?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:10:31+08:00

He aha te Whakamatau Whakamutunga Tae (SVR) me te Whakatau Whakamarutanga Huringa (VPR)?

Ko te SVR he waahanga o te putanga o mua o UL 1449 Edition, kaore ano i whakamahia i te paerewa UL 1449. I whakakapihia te SVR e VPR.

Ko te VPR he waahanga o te UL 1449 3rd Edition, a, ko te raraunga o te whakaari mo nga SPDs. I raro i nga tikanga SPD ki te 6kV / 3kA te ngaru o te ngaru whakakotahi, a, ko te uara o te taapiri kua tohaina ki te uara tata rawa mai i te ripanga 63.1 mai i te UL 1449 3rd Edition.

He pehea nga hononga o te SPD ki te UL 96A?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:05:54+08:00

He pehea nga hononga o te SPD ki te UL 96A?

Ko UL 96A te paerewa mo nga raupapa Tiaki Tiaki. Mo te whare ki te whakatutuki i te UL 96A, me whai tetahi ahua 1 SPD me te Whakatauranga Whakatauranga Whakaritea o 20kA i te tomokanga ratonga.

He rite te ahua o te 1 SPD ki tetahi Momo 2 SPD?Tuhinga2017-10-31T17:01:51+08:00

He rite te ahua o te 1 SPD ki tetahi Momo 2 SPD?

Ko etahi rereketanga nui i waenga i te momo 1 me te Momo 2 SPDs ko:

Te Whakaaetanga Haumaru waho. Momo 2 SPDs pea ka hiahia kia puta ke atu i waho
tiaki ranei, ka whakaurua ki roto i te SPD. Patoahia te 1 SPDs
te tiaki i roto i te SPD me etahi atu huarahi ki te whakatutuki i nga whakaritenga
o te paerewa; penei, Momo 1 SPDs me te Momo 2 SPDs e kore e hiahiatia ana ki waho
ka whakakorehia nga taputapu whakamarumaru kaore e taea te whakauru i te he
kua tohaina (me te kore) i te taha ki te SPD.
Whakakore i te Whakatau i nga Ratonga o Naianei. Ko te Whakaaetanga Whakaritea Tono e wātea ana (I)
Ko nga ahuatanga o te momo 1 SPDs ko 10 kA ranei 20 kA; Engari, ko 2 SPDs te 3
kA, 5 kA, 10 kA, 20 ranei KA Nominal Discharge Whakatauranga o nāianei.
UL 1283 EMI / RFI Whakatakotoranga. Ko etahi Uara 1449 Kua whakaruarangitia nga SPD ko nga waahi taatete
kua aromatawaihia hei UL 1283 (Paerewa mo te Whakaaetanga Electromagnetic
Tātari) te tātari. Ko enei ko nga kaupapa UL kua tuhia hei mahinga UL 1283 me tetahi UL
1449 SPD. Na roto i te tautuhinga me te horopaki o UL 1283, ko UL 1283 nga whiriwhiringa kua tohua
i arotakengia mo nga tono-taha-taha, ehara i nga waahanga taha-taha.
Nä reira, kaore te UL e whakaatu i te raupapa mihi hei Momo 1 SPD hei UL 1283 Kua Whakaritea
tātari. Engari, ka taea e te Momo 1 SPD te whakauru i te taitapa UL 1283 hei Whakaaetanga
Ko te Waehere i roto i te 1 SPD kua whakarärangitia, kua oti te aromätaihia mo te rohe
te whakamahinga. Ko nga kaihanga o aua hua ka tuku noa i te SPD rite tonu
Patohia te SPD 2 UL 1449 me te Whakaaetanga Whakaritea hei Whakaritea UL 1283
tātari.
Ngā Kaihautū. Ka taea te aromatawai i nga kaitautoko i whakamahia i te Momo 1 SPDs mo te haumaru
rereke atu i te Momo 2 SPDs. Ko nga kaitautoko katoa kei roto i nga tono 1 SPD
i arotakengia ki UL 810 (Paerewa mo nga Kaihauturu). Kei roto i tenei ko te whakakore i nga kaitohu
i whakahuatia i runga ake i te UL 1283 (Paerewa mo nga Taehanga Whakawhiti Whakahiko Electromagnetic)
tono. Kei te aromatawaihia nga kaitono i te Momo 2 SPDs ki UL 1414 (Paerewa mo
Nga Kaihauturu me nga Kaiwhiwhi mo te Reo Ataata-me Whakaata Whakaata-Momo) me / ranei
UL 1283 (Paerewa mo nga Tae Korero Whakahiko Electromagnetic).

He aha nga momo momo UL SPD me te aha?Tuhinga2017-10-31T16:58:48+08:00

He aha nga momo momo UL SPD me te aha?

Patohia te 1 SPDs (Kua Whakaritehia) - I honohonohia, SPDs pakeke-waea kua whakaritea mo
te whakauru i waenganui i te tuarua o te kaihoko ratonga me te taha taha o te matua
nga taputapu ratonga taapiri, me te taangata taimaha o te matua
nga taputapu ratonga (arā ko te momo 1 o tenei e taea te whakauru ki hea i roto i te tohatoha
pūnaha). Patohia te 1 SPDs i roto i nga momo SPDs taiepa taraiwa-mita mita. Kei runga i te
kei te taha o te taha raina o te ratonga ki te kore e whai whakaaro ki te tiaki i nga whakaaro
te tiaki i te SPD, Me tuhihia te 1 SPDs ki waho i te whakamahinga o te whakawhitinga o waho
pūrere tiaki. Ko te Whakamutunga Whakamutunga Nominal Ko te Whakatauranga onamata mo te 1 SPDs tenei
10KA ranei 20KA.

Patohia te 2 SPDs (Kua Whakaritehia) - I honohonohia, SPDs pakeke-waea kua whakaritea mo
te taunga i runga i te waahanga o nga taputapu ratonga matua nui atu i te tiaki.
Ka taea hoki te whakauru i enei SPD ki nga taputapu ratonga matua, engari me whakauru ki runga
ko te waahanga o te ratonga matua kaore e taea te tiaki. Penehia te 2 SPDs pea pea
kaua e hiahiatia he taputapu haumaru mo o raatau NRTL. Mena he mea motuhake
ka hiahiatia te tiaki i te waimarie, te ingoa o te NRTL o te SPD me te tapanga / tohutohu
e hiahiatia ana kia kite i te rahi me te momo o te taputapu haumaru. Tuhipoka: I etahi
Ko nga take kaore e taea te kaha ki te painga ki te whakamahinga o te whakamaaratanga o te kaute
te SPD. Hei tauira, ko te SPD he mahinga tuumotu whakaari mo te 10 kA
i te wa e tiakina ana e te kaihautuku Ahurangi o te 30 Amp me te 20 kA waitohu rererangi whakaingoa
te whakatau i te wa e tiakina ana e tetahi rereke, engari he mea motuhake, me te tauira o te painga
taputapu tiaki. Ko te Whakakore i te Nominal Te Whakatauranga o Naianei mo te 2 SPDs ko 3 kA, 5
kA, 10 kA, 20 kA ranei.

Patohia te 3 SPDs (Kua tohua) - Ka huaina enei SPD, 'Kohinga Whakamahinga SPDs', he mea hei
me whakauru ki te roa o te roa o te mita 10 (30 waewae) mai i te hiko
te ratonga ratonga kaore i aromatawaitia i te Momo 2 SPDs (ara, ka whakawhiwhia ki a Nominal
Whakakorehia te Whakatauranga o te 3 kA i te wa nei). Ko te tikanga, ko enei he hononga honohono aho
nga takai, te mono-i roto i nga SPDs, te momo SPDs ranei kua uru mai ki te taputapu whakamahi
kei te tiakina (arä, te rorohiko, te miihini miihini, me etahi atu).

Patohia te 1, 2, 3 Component Assembly SPDs (Waeine Whakaaetanga) - Ko enei SPD te
e hiahiatia ana kia whakauruhia te wheketere ki te taputapu hiko hiko, ki te whakamahi mutunga ranei
taputapu. Kei te mohiohia enei waahanga SPD i aromatawaihia mo te whakamahi i te momo 1, 2, 3 rānei
Ngā tono SPD. Ko nga waahanga SPD tenei ka whakawhiti i te kore o te haumaru hiko
nga whakamātautau rite kua tautuhia te momo 1, 2, 3 SPD ranei. Ahakoa ko enei SPD ko 100% te whakaaetanga mai i te haumaru
ko te ahua o te whakamatautau o te whakamatautau, ko enei momo 1, 2 me 3 huihui SPDs
nga tikanga o te whakaaetanga ka rite ki nga whara whakaatu, me etahi atu hanga hangarau
e hiahia ana kia whakauruhia, kia noho ranei ki roto i te hui kua whakarārangitia hei whakarato i te tiaki
mai i te waahi ki nga wahi ora, ki etahi atu whakaritenga. I mohiohia enei momo 1, 2, 3 rānei
Kaua e raruraru nga SPDs i te momo ANSI / UL 1449-2006 momo 4 Component
Whakarite me te Momo 5 motuhake SPD wāhanga e hiahia ana i ētahi atu wāhanga
(he haumaru haumaru haumaru), hoahoa me te whakamatautau kia taea ai te whakamahi hei whakakake katoa
pūrere tiaki.

Momo 4 Hui Whakataunga SPD (Waeinga Whakaaetanga) - Ko enei waahanga
ko nga huihuinga he kotahi, neke atu ranei nga momo 5 SPD tahi me te tahaehono
(i roto ranei i waho) ranei he huarahi hei whakatutuki i nga waahanga iti o teianei i roto i te UL 1449,
Rarangi 39.4. Kaore enei o nga hahi SPD i tutuki, i te nuinga o nga waa kua whakauruhia ki roto
Whakamahia nga hua mutunga-whakamahi i te wa ka tutuki nga tikanga katoa o te whakaaetanga. Ko enei momo 4
kaore i oti te huihui o nga huihuinga hei SPD, me kii atu ano i te aromatawai me te kore
ka whakaaetia kia whakauruhia ki te mara hei SPD motuhake. Ko te nuinga o enei wa, ka hiahiatia enei whakaaro
he whakamaru kaha ake.

Patohia te 5 SPD (Whakaaetanga Wae) - Nga taputapu haumarutanga o te waahanga motuhake,
pēnei i nga MOV e taea ana te whakanoho i runga i te papa poari rorohiko, e hono ana ma te aratahi ranei
i roto i te whare herehere me nga huarahi whakaeke me nga whakawhitinga waea. Ko enei momo
Ko nga waahanga 5 SPD kaore i oti i te SPD, me kii atu ano i te aromatawai kaore
ka whakaaetia kia whakauruhia ki te mara hei SPD motuhake. Patohia te 5 SPDs
nga waahanga i whakamahia i roto i te hoahoa me te hanganga o nga SPD katoa me etahi atu SPD
huihuinga.

He aha te Whakamatauhanga Kaituku Aunoa UL (SCCR)?Tuhinga2017-10-31T16:52:02+08:00

He aha te Whakamatauhanga Kaituku Aunoa UL (SCCR)?

Ko te Aukati SSCR-Short Circuit. Ko te tika o te SPD mo te whakamahi i te mahinga mana AC e taea ana ki te tuku i nga mea e kore e neke ake i te waahanga korero whanui i te waahanga korero i te wa poto poto. Ko te SCCR e kore e rite ki te AIC (Amp Ampruption Capacity). Ko te SCCR te nui o te "wātea" kei aianei ka taea e te SPD te tukuna me te haumaru atu i te puna puna i raro i nga waahi porowhita poto. Ko te nui o te "whakawhitinga" kei te SPD he tino iti ake i te "wātea" inaianei.

Ko te UL 1449 me te National Electric Code (NEC) e hiahiatia ana te SCCR (Whakarite Kaituku Aromatawai Poto) kia tohua ki nga waeine SPD katoa. Ehara i te mea koinei te tohu, engari ko te waatea ka taea te whakawhiti i te SPD i te waahanga o te kore. Kei te NEC / UL he whakaritenga kia whakamatauria, kia tohaina hoki te SPD me te SCCR e rite ana ki te, nui ake ranei i te waahi kino i te wa i roto i te punaha.

He aha te mea nui ina whakaatu i te SPD?Tuhinga2017-10-31T16:31:39+08:00

He aha te mea nui ina whakaatu i te SPD?

A, no te tautuhi i te SPD, tukuhia he waahanga marama, waahanga poto e whakaatu ana i nga mahi e hiahiatia ana me nga ahuatanga hoahoa. Me whakauruhia he waahanga iti:

• Taumahi UL

• Whakatau mate

• Whakatauranga poto poto

• Te tihi o te tihi ma te mahinga (LN, LG, me te NG)

• ngaohiko me te whirihoranga o te ratonga hiko

He aha te Mea Haumaru Taputapu Haumaru ranei te Puku Ngaru (SPD)?Tuhinga2017-10-31T16:30:05+08:00

He aha te Mea Haumaru Taputapu Haumaru ranei te Puku Ngaru (SPD)?

Ko te SPD he taputapu i hangaia hei whakaiti i te kaha o te kaha ki nga taputapu hiko. Kei te mahi tenei ma te whakakore i te awangawanga ranei. Ko te SPD ka honohia ki nga taputapu e tika ana hei tiaki. I te wa ka nui atu te hiko o te taangata ki tana tohu kua whakaritea "ka timata ki te patipati" ka timata ki te whakahaere tika i te kaha ki te pūnaha hiko hiko. Ko te SPD he tino awhina i tenei wa me te "paku" te kaha ki te whenua. I te wa e pa ana te tiwhi ki runga, ka "whakatuwheratia" ake, na kaore e kii mai i nga kaiwawe awheawhe.