How do I select a proper Prosurge SPD for my application?

Though we try our best to offer an extensive, thorough product presentation on our website, catalogs and other documents, we believe the best way for model selecting is to consult with us with your requirement and then our professional will recommend a suitable model.

What are ANSI/UL 1449 Third Edition Versus IEC 61643-1 – Key Differences In Testing

The following examines a few of the key differences between Underwriters Laboratory’s required test for surge protective devices (SPDs); ANSI/UL 1449 Third Edition and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) required test for SPDs, IEC 61643-1. Short Circuit Current Rating (SCCR): The capacity of current with which the tested SPD can withstand at the terminals where connected, without breaching the enclosure in any way. UL: Tests the full product at twice the nominal voltage to see if entire product is completely offline. The entire product (as shipped) is tested; including metal oxide varistors (MOVs). IEC: Test only looks at the terminals and the physical connections to determine if they are robust enough to handle the fault. MOVs are replaced with a copper block and a manufacturer’s recommended fuse is placed in-line (external to the device). Imax: Per IEC 61643-1 – The crest value of a current through the SPD having an 8/20 waveshape and magnitude according to the test sequence of the class II operating duty test. UL: Does not recognize the need for an Imax test. IEC: An operating duty cycle test is used to ramp up to an Imax point (determined by the manufacturer). This is meant to find “blind points” within the design when subjected to a high level impulse. This is conducted as a life expectancy or robustness test. The fuse needs to withstand Imax, and the test checks thermal stability of the SPD (after each duty cycle impulse bringing the SPD up to its maximum continuous operating voltage MCOV) and its physical condition。 I nominal: The crest value of the current through the SPD having a current waveshape of 8/20. UL: I nominal test is similar to the IEC’s, however, the I nominal results do not link to a Up value (a value used internationally for electrical coordination). Instead, UL uses I nominal to determine a product’s Voltage Protection Rating (VPR). Levels are limited to a maximum of 20 kA. The SPD remains functional after 15 surges. IEC: Does not limit I nominal testing to 20kA, however, the manufacturer’s selected In level is used to get a Up value, a value considered to be the protective performance of the SPD. This value is used for electrical coordination(ratings of building wire, equipment). Therefore the goal of the manufacturer is to try to attain the highest Inominal level with the lowest Up results. Many manufactures opt to only test as high as 20 kA so they will appear to have a low Up. Class versus category UL: UL Type designation is a location designator with a difference to the way I nominal is tested (for device which provides SCCR needs to be included and survive when doing I nominal testing). IEC: Designates certain tests as a class I, II, or III. Class designation between I and II has to do with the impulse applied – Class I; an I imp test (10×350) and a class II – 8 x 20 μs. The IEC designates certain tests as a class I, II, or III and can beconfused with UL’s Type I, II, III, or IV designations. There is some validity to both identifying the product’s approved installation location (UL) and applying a more robust impulse/waveform to those products that will be installed in harsher locations (IEC). Waveforms: A graph of an impulse wave that shows its shape and changes in amplitude with time. UL: Recognizes the 8 x 20 μs waveform. IEC: The IEC incorporates 2 waveforms into their test, the 8 x 20 μs which is used for class II testing to represent surges induced onto power lines. And the 10 x 350 μs waveform which is used for class I testing that represents partial or direct lightning currents (due to building or power line strikes).The IEC also uses other ring wave type waveforms for point of use (class III) tests.

How do I know which is the correct surge protection device that must be installed?

Choosing the right surge arrester(s) is a key factor to guarantee correct protection of the installation. A poorly designed Lightning & Surge protection system may lead to early ageing of the SPD and potential failure of the protective devices in the installation allowing damage to the primary systems up stream, thus defeating the rationale behind the protection being installed Prosurge does not provide a set of rules and guides to support acorrect design of the protection system according to the application. However we follow the IEC and UL lightning and surge protection standards. With this in mind we provide a cascaded system as laid down in the rules of the standard, not the rules of Prosurge. In the field of industrial applications, a standard practice is to install a cascaded protection system based on several coordinated protective devices installed at different stages (LPZ’s). The benefit of this strategy is the fact that it allows a high discharge capacity close to the installation entrance along with a low residual voltage (level of protection) at the main incomer of installation of sensitive equipment. The design of such a protective system is, amongst other factors, based on the assessment of information such as existence of a lightning rod (Lightning Protection System) and type of incoming power supply lines, secondary primary equipment and data systems. The solutions provide protection against either Transient or Permanent (TOV) overvoltages or against both of them (T+P) simultaneously. The final product choice depends on parameters such as: type of installation, type of network disconnection (operation on MCB or RCD), auto reclosing, breaking capacity, etc. Usually you can refer IEC61643- Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 12:Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems -Selection and application principles

Can lightning destroy the photovoltaic system?

Photovoltaic systems are technologically highly sensitive and a direct lightning strike would definitely destroy it. There is also yet another hazard,as a lightning strike could create surge voltage near the solar power system and these surge voltages can also destroy the system. The inverter is the primary point in need of protection. Usually, inverters will integrate surge-voltage protectors into their inverters. However, since these components only discharge small voltage peaks, you should consider using surge protective devices (SPD) in individual cases.

Are joule ratings a specification used for SPD?

In the past, some manufacturers have used joule ratings in their specifications. They are not considered a good indicator for SPD performance and not recognized by any standard organizations. Prosurge doesn’t support this specification also.

Is “Response Time”a valid specification?

Response time specifications are not supported by any standards organizations overseeing Surge Protective Devices.IEEE C62.62 Standard Test Specification for SPDs specifically mentions it should not be used as a specification.

What are the different power systems in use in the US and what are the protection needs for each?

The US power distribution system is a TN-C-S system. This implies that the Neutral and Ground conductors are bonded at the service entrance of each, and every, facility or separately derived sub-system. This means that the neutral-to-ground (N-G) protection mode within a multi-mode SPD installed at the service entrance panel is basically redundant. Further from this N-G bondpoint, such as in branch distribution panels, the need for this additional mode of protection is more warranted. In addition to the N-G protection mode, some SPDs can include line-to-neutral (L-N) and line-to-line (L-L) protection. On a three phase WYE system, the need for L-L protection is questionable as balanced L-N protection also provides a measure of protection on the L-L conductors. Changes to the 2002 edition of the National Electrical Code® (NEC®) (www.nfpa.org) have precluded the use of SPDs on ungrounded delta power distribution systems. Behind this rather broad statement is the intention that SPDs should not be connected L-G as by so doing these modes of protection are creating pseudo grounds to the floating system. Modes of protection connected L-L are however acceptable.The high-leg delta system is a grounded system and as such allows for protection modes to be connected L-L and L-N or L-G.

How does installation affect the performance of SPDs?

The installation of SPDs is often poorly understood. A good SPD, incorrectly installed, can prove of little benefit in real-life surge conditions. The very high rate-of-change of current, typical of a surge transient, will develop significant volt drops on the leads connecting the SPD to the panel or equipment being protected. This can mean higher than desired voltages reaching the equipment during such a surge condition. Prosurge suggests that measures to counteract this effect include locating the SPD so as to keep interconnecting lead lengths as short as possible, twisting these leads together. Using a heavier gauge AWG cable helps to some extent but this is only a second order effect. It is also important to keep protected and unprotected circuits and leads separate to avoid cross coupling of transient energy.

What are surges transients, and temporary over-voltages, and what are their typical characteristics?

Although often used as separate terms in the surge industry, Transients and Surges are the same phenomenon. Transients and Surges can be current, voltage, or both and can have peak values in excess of 10kA or 10kV. They are typically of very short duration (usually >10 µs & <1 ms), with a waveform that has a very rapid rise to the peak and then falls off at a much slower rate. Transients and Surges can be caused by external sources such as lightning or a short circuit, or from internal sources such as Contactor switching, Variable Speed Drives, Capacitor switching, etc. Temporary over voltages (TOVs) are oscillatory phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase over voltages that can last as little as a few seconds or as long as several minutes. Sources of TOV’s include fault reclosing, load switching, ground impedance shifts,single-phase faults and ferroresonance effects to name a few. Due to their potentially high voltage and long duration, TOV’s can be very detrimental to MOV-based SPD’s. An extended TOV can cause permanent damage to an SPD and render the unit inoperable. Note that while UL 1449 (3rd Edition) ensures that the SPD will not create a safety hazard under these conditions, SPDs are not designed to protect against TOVs.

Do SPDs protect against direct lightning strikes?

A direct lighting strike is the most powerful and difficult surge to protect against. Prosurge recommend that Proper grounding and bonding of the electrical system and employing proper surge protection can protect sensitive equipment. A SPD with a higher single surge current rating will perform best against this type of event, if the unit is properly installed and the grounding system is adequate.The maximum single withstand surge current rating is defined in IEEE SPD Standard C62.62.

What is Suppressed Voltage Rating (SVR) and Voltage Protection Rating (VPR)?

SVR was part of an earlier version of UL 1449 Edition and is no longer used in the UL 1449 standard. The SVR was replaced by VPR. VPR is part of the UL 1449 3rd Edition and is the clamping performance data for SPDs. Each SPD mode is subjected to a 6kV/3kA combination surge wave and its measured clamping value is rounded up to the nearest value based on table 63.1 from UL 1449 3rd Edition.

How are SPDs related to UL 96A?

UL 96A is the standard for Lightning Protection systems. For a building to meet UL 96A is must have a Type 1 SPD with a Nominal Discharge Current rating of 20kA installed at the service entrance.

How does a Type 1 SPD compare to a Type 2 SPD?

Some key differences between Type 1 and Type 2 SPDs are: External Overcurrent Protection. Type 2 SPDs may require external overcurrent protection or it may be included within the SPD. Type 1 SPDs generally include overcurrent protection within the SPD or other means to satisfy the requirements of the standard; thus, Type 1 SPDs and Type 2 SPDs that do not require external overcurrent protection devices eliminate the potential for installing an incorrectly rated (mismatched) overcurrent protection device with the SPD. Nominal Discharge Current Ratings. Available Nominal Discharge Current (In) ratings of Type 1 SPDs are 10 kA or 20 kA; whereas, Type 2 SPDs may have 3 kA , 5 kA, 10 kA or 20 kA Nominal Discharge Current ratings. UL 1283 EMI/RFI Filtering. Some UL 1449 Listed SPDs include filter circuits that have been evaluated as a UL 1283 (Standard for Electromagnetic Interference Filters) filter. These are complimentary UL Listed as a UL 1283 filter and a UL 1449 SPD. By definition and the scope of UL 1283, UL 1283 Listed filters are evaluated for load-side applications only, not line-side applications. Consequently, UL will not complimentary list a Type 1 SPD as a UL 1283 Listed filter. However, a Type 1 SPD might include a UL 1283 filter as a Recognized Component within a Listed Type 1 SPD, which has been fully evaluated for lineside usage. Manufacturers of such products generally offer the identical SPD as a Type 2 UL 1449 Listed SPD with complimentary Listing as a UL 1283 Listed filter. Capacitors. Capacitors utilized in Type 1 SPDs may be evaluated for safety differently than in Type 2 SPDs. All capacitors in Type 1 SPD applications are evaluated to UL 810 (Standard for Capacitors). This includes filtering capacitors referenced above in UL 1283 (Standard for Electromagnetic Interference Filters) applications. Capacitors in Type 2 SPDs are evaluated to UL 1414 (Standard for Capacitors and Suppressors for Radio- and Television-Type Appliances) and/or UL 1283 (Standard for Electromagnetic Interference Filters).

What are the UL SPD Type categories and what do they mean?

Type 1 SPDs (Listed) – Permanently connected, hard-wired SPDs intended for installation between the secondary of the service transformer and the line side of the main service equipment overcurrent protective device, as well as the load side of the main service equipment (i.e. Type 1’s can be installed anywhere within the distribution system). Type 1 SPDs include watt-hour meter socket enclosure type SPDs. Being on the line side of the service disconnect where there are no overcurrent protective devices to protect an SPD, Type 1 SPDs must be listed without the use of an external overcurrent protective device. The Nominal Discharge Current Rating for Type 1 SPDs is either 10kA or 20kA. Type 2 SPDs (Listed) – Permanently connected, hard-wired SPDs intended for installation on the load side of the main service equipment overcurrent protective device. These SPDs may also be installed at the main service equipment, but must be installed on the load side of the main service overcurrent protective device. Type 2 SPDs may or may not require an overcurrent protection device per their NRTL listing. If a specific overcurrent protection is required, the SPD’s NRTL listing file and labeling/instructions are required to note the size and type of overcurrent protective device. Note: In some cases the overcurrent protective device used can impact the nominal discharge rating of the SPD. For example, the SPD may have a 10 kA nominal discharge current rating when protected by a 30 Amp circuit breaker and a 20 kA nominal discharge current rating when protected by a different but specific make and model of overcurrent protection device. The Nominal Discharge Current Rating for Type 2 SPDs is 3 kA, 5 kA, 10 kA, or 20 kA. Type 3 SPDs (Listed) – These SPDs are called, ‘Point of Utilization SPDs’, which are to be installed at a minimum conductor length of 10 meter (30 feet) from the electrical service panel unless they are evaluated at Type 2 SPDs (that is, they receive a Nominal Discharge Current Rating of 3 kA minimum). Typically, these are cord-connected surge strips, direct plug-in SPDs, or receptacle-type SPDs installed at the utilization equipment being protected (i.e. computers, copy machines, etc.). Type 1, 2, 3 Component Assembly SPDs (Component Recognized) – These SPDs are intended to be factory installed into electrical distribution equipment or end-use equipment. These are Recognized Component SPDs evaluated for use in Type 1, 2 or 3 SPD applications. Such component SPDs must pass all the same electrical safety failure tests as listed Type 1, 2 or 3 SPDs. While these SPDs are 100% compliant from a safety failure testing point of view, these Type 1, 2 and 3 component assembly SPDs have conditions of acceptability such as exposed terminals or other mechanical construction that requires them to be installed or housed within a listed assembly to provide protection from exposure to live parts or other requirements. These Type 1, 2 or 3 Recognized Component SPDs should not be confused with ANSI/UL 1449-2006 Type 4 Component Assemblies and Type 5 discrete SPD components that require additional components (possibly safety disconnectors), design and testing in order to be used as a complete surge protective device. Type 4 Component Assembly SPD (Component Recognized) –– These component assemblies consist of one or more Type 5 SPD components together with a disconnector (integral or external) or a means of complying with the limited current tests in UL 1449, Section 39.4. These are incomplete SPD assemblies, which typically are installed in listed end-use products as long as all conditions of acceptability are met. These Type 4 component assemblies are incomplete as an SPD, require further evaluation and are not permitted to be installed in the field as a stand-alone SPD. Often, these devices require additional overcurrent protection. Type 5 SPD (Component Recognized) – Discrete component surge protection devices, such as MOVs that may be mounted on a printed wiring board, connected by its leads or provided within an enclosure with mounting means and wiring terminations. These Type 5 SPD components are incomplete as an SPD, require further evaluation and are not permitted to be installed in the field as a stand-alone SPD. Type 5 SPDs are generally the components used in the design and construction of complete SPDs or other SPD assemblies.

What is the UL Short Circuit Current Rating (SCCR)?

SSCR-Short Circuit Current Rating. The suitability of an SPD for use on an AC power circuit that is capable of delivering not more than a declared rms symmetrical current at a declared voltage during a short circuit condition. SCCR is not the same as AIC (Amp Interrupting Capacity). SCCR is the amount of “available”current that the SPD can be subjected to and safely disconnect from the power source under short circuit conditions. The amount of current “interrupted” by the SPD is typically significantly less than the “available” current. UL 1449 and the National Electric Code (NEC) require the SCCR (Short Circuit Current Rating) to be marked on all SPD units. It is not a surge rating, but the maximum allowable current a SPD can interrupt in the event of failure. The NEC/UL has a requirement that the SPD be tested and labelled with a SCCR equal to, or greater than the available fault current at that point in the system.

What is important when specifying SPD?

When specifying SPD, submit a clear, concise specification detailing the required performance and design features. A minimum specification should include: • UL surge rating • Suppression rating • Short circuit rating • Peak surge current per mode (L-N, L-G, and N-G) • voltage and configuration of electrical service

FAQ - Prosurge

Q: What is a practical surge rating for service entrance protection?

This is a difficult question and depends on many aspects including – site exposure, regional is okeraunic levels and utility supply. A statistical study of lightning strike probability reveals that the average lightning discharge is between 30 and 40kA, while only 10% of lightning discharges exceed 100kA. Given that a strike to a transmission feeder is likely to share the total current received into anumber of distribution paths, the reality of the surge current entering a facility can be very much less than that of the lightning strike which precipitate it. The ANSI/IEEE C62.41.1-2002 standard seeks to characterize the electrical environment at different locations throughout a facility. It defines the service entrance location as between a B and C environment, meaning that surge currents up to 10kA 8/20 can be experienced in such locations. This said,SPDs located in such environments are often rated above such levels to provide a suitable operating life expectancy, 100kA/phase being typical.

Q: Do SPDs protect against direct lightning strikes?

A direct lighting strike is the most powerful and difficult surge to protect against. Prosurge recommend that Proper grounding and bonding of the electrical system and employing proper surge protection can protect sensitive equipment. A SPD with a higher single surge current rating will perform best against this type of event, if the unit is properly installed and the grounding system is adequate.The maximum single withstand surge current rating is defined in IEEE SPD Standard C62.62.

Quomodo eligere propriis Prosurge PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE applicationem ad me?prosurge2017-10-31T17:34:33+08:00

Quomodo eligere propriis Prosurge PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE applicationem ad me?

Cum dare conantur optimum ampla productum bene visum nostrum website et aliis catalogis credimus nobis optime consulere eligens Persius cum suaderet necessitate nostrae professionis formam congruam.

Quid ANSI / IEC 1449 Versus Vol 61643 ul-1 - Key Diversitates relate Testing inprosurge2017-10-31T17:29:56+08:00

Quid ANSI / IEC 1449 Versus Vol 61643 ul-1 - Key Diversitates relate Testing in

Sequentia examinat paucas differentias praecipuorum inter Underscriptores Laboratorii requisiti experimentorum ad machinas tutelae fluctuationis (SPDs); ANSI/UL 1449 Tertia Editio et Commissio Electrotechnica Internationalis (IEC) requisiti experimentum SPDs, IEC 61643-1.

Brevis Circuitus Current Rating (SCCR): Facultas currentis cum qua probata SPD resistere potest in terminalibus ubi conexis, sine clausura nullo modo interrupto.

UL: Probat plenum productum bis in intentione nominali ut videas si totum productum est totaliter offline. Totum opus (ut uit) probatur; oxydatum metallicum varistors (MOVs).

IEC: Test solum spectat ad terminales et nexus physicos ut definiant si robusti sunt ad culpam tractandam. MOVs reponuntur cum stipite aeneo et fabricae fuse commendatae in linea in- posita (externa ad fabricam).

Imax: Per IEC 61643-1 - Summi valoris currentis per SPD 8/20 fluctuationem et magnitudinem habente secundum experimentum sequentis classis II officium testium operantis.

UL: Non agnoscit necessitatem experimenti Imax.

IEC: Munus cycli operans expertus adhibetur ad muniendum punctum Imax (a fabricante determinatum). Hoc est "caeca puncta" invenire intra consilium altam impulsum subiecta. Hoc fit ut vitae expectationem vel robur test. Fuse opus est Imax resistere et probatio compescit stabilitatem scelerisque SPD (post quamlibet cycli officium impulsum SPD usque ad maximam continuam intentionem operativam MCOV facientem) eiusque conditionem corporis.

I nominal: Valor crista currentis per SPD fluctuantis 8/20.

UL: Testis nominalis similis est scriptori IEC, eventus nominales non nexum cum valore Sursum (valor internationalis usus pro coordinatione electrica). Loco, UL utitur nominali ad determinandam intentionis tutelae rating producti (VPR). Gradus limitantur ad maximum 20 KA. SPD eget post 15 aestus manet.

IEC: Non limitat me nominalem probationem ad 20kA, sed electae fabricae In gradu ad valorem ascendentem adhibetur, valor tutelae SPD effectus esse existimatur. Haec utilitas adhibetur pro coordinatione electrica (ratings aedificationis filum, apparatum).

Finis ergo fabricatoris est ut summa innominalia cum infimis consequitur attingere. Multa opificiorum opera solum probandi sunt quam 20 KA sic ut humilis Up habere apparebit.

Classis versus genus

UL: UL Typus designatio est locus designator cum differentia ad modum quem nominal probatur (nam fabrica quae SCCR includi et superesse debet, cum probationem nominalem facio).

IEC: Designat certas probationes ut classis I, II, vel III. Classis designatio inter I et II pertinet ad impulsum applicatum – Classis I; an I imp test (10×350) et classis II – 8 x 20 μs.

In IEC designat, sicut probat quaedam classis I, II, III et potest sive ul apud beconfused est Type I, II, III, IV dirimenda est. Est autem aliquid valere institutionem probatissima teneretur in uber in utroque loco identifying (ul) et corpulentiores motus, adhibendo / waveform est acrioribus eorum products quod potest installed in locis (IEC).

Waveforms: graphi impulsus fluctuum qui suam figuram et mutationes in amplitudine cum tempore ostendit.

UL: Agnoscat 8 x 20 μs waveform.

IEC: IEC incorporat 2 fluctus formas in experimentum, 8 x 20 μs quae adhibetur pro classe II probatio ad repraesentandas aestus in lineas potentias inductas. Et 10 x 350 μs fluctuationis forma, quae pro classe adhibita est, tentans qui currentes fulgurationes partiales vel directas repraesentat (ob aedificationem vel potestatem lineam percutit). IEC etiam utitur aliis undis anulis speciebus undisformibus ad punctum usus (III classis) probat.

Unde scio quod sit fabrica recta fluctuum praesidio quae instituenda est?prosurge2017-10-31T17:28:05+08:00

Unde scio quod sit fabrica recta fluctuum praesidio quae instituenda est?

Comprehensorem elige rectum (s) factor praecipuum est ad rectam tutelam institutionis praestandam. De male designato Lightning & Surge systema tutelae ad mane senescentis SPD et potentiale defectio machinarum tutelarum in institutione permittens damnum ad systemata primariorum sursum fluentum permittens, ita rationale post tutelam institutum superans.

Prosurge non providere a paro of ratio regit ac moderatur, ut support acorrect consilio ad praesidium secundum applicationem. Non tamen sequitur quod in Ul IEC movebuntur fluctus eius, et fulgur praesidio signa. Cum hoc in mente fecimus ratio providere a cascaded de quo in n praecepta de vexillum, ne praecepta Dei Prosurge.

In agro industrialis applications, a vexillum praxi est install a pluribus cascaded praesidio ratio fundatur in diversis gradus ordinatae installed tutela cogitationes (s Lpz). Hoc consilium quod permittit beneficia quantum ad institutionem magno fluxu aditu relicto cum humili intentione (gradus securitatis) ad principium sensitivum incomer institutionis elit.

Consilium tam ratio tutela est, inter alia factores, taxatio fundatur super notitia ut fulgur virga existentia (Lightning Protection Ratio) et advenientis generis copia potentia lineas, prima secundarium apparatu et notitia ratio.

Solutiones providere tutela contra fluxa aut non permanentium (tov) overvoltages aut uterque illorum (T + P) eodem tempore.

Ultima arbitrium in productum parametri depends on such as: installation genus, genus network Disiunctio (MCB in operatio vel RCD), Auto reclosing, facultatem solveret, etc.

Vos testes inferioris potestatis voltage IEC61643- plerumque fluctu cogitationes tutela - part XII: quia concupivit rex speciem cogitationes tutela pertinet ad low-voltage ac applicationem virtutis distribution systems principiis -Selection

Qui potest perdere fulgur photovoltaic ratio?prosurge2017-10-31T17:26:31+08:00

Qui potest perdere fulgur photovoltaic ratio?

Photovoltaic systems technicis artibus sunt altus sensitiva et recta esset certus fulgur percusserit illum perdere. Est et alius nondum aleam, sicut fulgur percutiens potest creare fluctus prope voltage ratio virtutis solaris ratio quod isti surge voltages et quoque perdere. In prima parte inverter est in tutela of opus. Plerumque, inverters integrate in gurgite cano-voltage et praesidia in suis inverters. Sed quia haec components, modo voltage parvis montibus, vos should meditatus usura cogitationes movebuntur fluctus eius tutela (PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE) in singulis casibus.

Julius ratings sunt propter speciem PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE?prosurge2017-10-31T17:25:41+08:00

Julius ratings sunt propter speciem PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE?

In praeteritum, quidam fabrica cubits suum ratings in usus Julius. Et non consideretur bonum perficientur indicator enim PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE neque a vobis vexillum lacus. Hanc speciem et non Prosurge.

Numquid 'tempus nostrum «validum species?prosurge2017-10-31T17:24:47+08:00

Numquid 'tempus nostrum «validum species?

Cubits sunt non valet responsio tempus nec per signa organizations overseeing Surge Protective Devices.IEEE C62.62 Specification for Latin Test SPDs in specie nominatur, ut esse debet, non conferunt speciem.

Quaenam sunt diversae disciplinae potentiae in usu in US et quaenam sunt tutelae singulis necessaria?prosurge2017-10-31T17:23:39+08:00

Quaenam sunt diversae disciplinae potentiae in usu in US et quaenam sunt tutelae singulis necessaria?

Potentia distributio ratio est ratio CA-US CS. Cras religata sunt et ductores Terram nempe quia utraque introitum servitio et omnium, quae sub se non facile ratio. Id quod neutrum-ut-terram (NG) in tutela modus modus PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE installed a multi-ostium panel radicaliter in servitium veritates. Praeterea, ex hoc bondpoint NG, ut in tali genere tabulata distribution: opus in eo quoque praesidio modus est magis dignam existimarit. Praeterea in tutelam NG eft modus, non includit aliquid SPDs-linea ad neutrum, (IN) et recta-linea-usque (LL) tutela. De tribus autem tempus WYE systema, in opus libratum LL praesidium ut LN, querendum est etiam praebet tutela praesidii in mensura ductores LL.
Mutationes in in National Electrical Code® 2002 editione (NEC®) (www.nfpa.org) usum non ianua praecludatur in SPDs in virtute turberis, della distribution systems. Lata est, qui post illam sententiam quam ita LG SPDs modis coniungi non creant Pseudo optimo praesidi fluitantis lectus. Modes of protection connected LL are however acceptable.The high-leg delta system is a grounded system and as such allows for protection modes to be connected LL and LN or LG.

Et afficit non modo installation observantia SPDs?prosurge2017-10-31T17:19:51+08:00

Et afficit non modo installation observantia SPDs?

Et installation est plerumque a SPDs male intellexerunt. A bonus PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE, vitiose dicere installed possit probare modicae bonum per verum, vita movebuntur fluctus eius condiciones. Quod excelsum valde rate de current-of-mutatio, tanquam radiationem discretam typical of tempus, in porta connectens mos develop a significant gutta volt PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE panel in apparatu vel protegatur. Hic non intelliguntur per haec altior, quam desideravit apparatu, tanquam radiationem discretam voltages usque ad condicionem. Contra hanc sententiam includunt in locante consilia suggerit Prosurge SPD conservantes interconnecting brevius quam plumbea regula contorquens una ducit. Cras rhoncus guage AWG per maiorem partem sed solum secundo effectum. Etiam sit amet ducit separatum ut circuit et ne et clausi ora sagi unius cujusdam crucis industria.

Pro servitio quod habere debet, practicam salo ostium praesidio rating?prosurge2017-10-31T17:17:34+08:00

Pro servitio quod habere debet, practicam salo ostium praesidio rating?

Haec est quaestio difficilis et facies pendent multa inter - situm orci, bibendum sit copia okeraunic campestribus quoque et utilitatem. A actuariorum studio probabilitatem fulgur percusserit defluxiones fulgur reveals quod est mediocris inter 30 et 40kA, cum sola fulgur obit 10% of 100kA excedet. Given that a strike to a transmission feeder is likely to share the total current received into anumber of distribution paths, the reality of the surge current entering a facility can be very much less than that of the lightning strike which precipitate it.

Vexillum ANSI/IEEE C62.41.1-2002 in diversis locis per facilitatem electricam notare studet. Ministerium introitus situm definit inter ambitus B et C, significatque quod aestus fluctuum usque ad 10kA 8/20 pati possit in his locis. Hoc dixit, SPDs in talibus ambitibus sita saepe supra tales gradus aestimantur ut congruam exspectationem vitae operativam praebeant, 100kA/phase typicam esse.

Quid turba vagorum et nimium brevis voltages, quae notae sunt propria?prosurge2017-10-31T17:16:14+08:00

Quid turba vagorum et nimium brevis voltages, quae notae sunt propria?

Etsi saepe usus est sicut fluctus in industriam verbis separatum, prospicit et Vagi sunt eiusdem rei. Vagi possit et quantos aestus erit current, intentione, vel ambo habent apicem values potest excedi vel 10KV 10kV. Breves utique sunt valde ab typically (plerumque> μs X & <I ms), et quod habet waveform nimis celeri ortum ad apicem adepta decideret, et postea ad multum segnior rate. Et aliunde potest causari vagis undis et procellis ut brevi spatio aut mutandi contactor ut intrinseca, Mobilitate Drives variabilis, mutandi Capacitor etc.

Voltages in temporalibus (Tovs) qui locus aut tempus oscillationum ut- Phase super voltages ut- tempus minimum quod potest, ut plura brevi vel elit. De fontibus ex tov includit reclosing culpa, mutatis mutandi onus, arte cucurrit vestibus extentis IMMINENTIA terra, tempus unum, justus atque perfectus ferroresonance effectus, ut nominat paucis. Debitum ad altum voltage in potentia et diuturnam; tov est MOV esse multum obesse judicabunt, fundatur in PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE. An extenditur tov potest damnum ad causa permanens PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE reddunt exiit in opus unitas. Nota quod in Ul 1449 (3rd Latin) efficit, ut mos PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE salutem aleam non efficiunt sub his conditionibus: non SPDs disposito praesidio contra Tovs.

Ne SPDs fulgur praesidio in directum ferit?prosurge2017-10-31T17:13:42+08:00

Ne SPDs fulgur praesidio in directum ferit?

A recta percutiens lumina difficillimum est maxime sentimus, nostrisque praesidio contra movebuntur fluctus eius. Prosurge commendare præcomprehensio in electrica ratio universalis et vinculi et movebuntur fluctus eius propriis usi armorum tutela non defendat sensitivo. A SPD with a higher single surge current rating will perform best against this type of event, if the unit is properly installed and the grounding system is adequate.The maximum single withstand surge current rating is defined in IEEE SPD Standard C62.62.

Quid est inclusus intentione Rating (SVR) et intentione praesidio Rating (VPR)?prosurge2017-10-31T17:10:31+08:00

Quid est inclusus intentione Rating (SVR) et intentione praesidio Rating (VPR)?

SVR pars erat antea in Latin version of ul 1449 et non est in vexillum 1449 UL. Et SVR VPR substitutum est.

VPR autem partem ul 1449 3rd Editione et perficientur notitia est enim clamping SPDs. Quisque PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE modus est subiecta est 6kV / combination 3kA movebuntur fluctus eius et mensus est adsumentesque de vulgo viros in proxima clamping valorem pretii fundatur super mensam 63.1 ab Ul 1449 3rd Rs.

Quomodo SPDs ad Ul 96A?prosurge2017-10-31T17:05:54+08:00

Quomodo SPDs ad Ul 96A?

Ul 96A est vexillum pro Lightning Protection systems. Ad aedificationem habere necesse est in occursum ul 96A Type 1 PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE cum Nominal installed in servitium officii sint Current rating de 20kA ostium.

Quid hoc est SPD Type 1 comparabo viro 2 PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE Type?prosurge2017-10-31T17:01:51+08:00

Quid hoc est SPD Type 1 comparabo viro 2 PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE Type?

Quidam key differences, sunt inter Type 1 et SPDs 2 Type:

Externum Overcurrent Praesidium. Typus II SPDs ut requirere externa overcurrent
tutelae vel intra SPD contineri potest. Typus I SPDs plerumque includit
overcurrent praesidium in SPD vel aliis modis satisfacies
vexilli; ita, Typus 1 SPDs et Typus 2 SPDs quae externa non requirunt
cogitationes eliminare praesidio overcurrent potential installing an non recte
rated (mismatched) fabrica cum praesidio overcurrent SPD.
Nominal Dimissionem Current Ratings. Praesto nominal Current officii (In)
ratings Type 1 SPDs sunt 10 KA vel 20 KA; sed, Type II SPDs ut habeatis III"
kA , 5 KA , 10 KA vel 20 kA Nominales exauctorationes Current ratings.
UL 1283 EMI/RFI Filtering. Quidam UL 1449 Recensentur SPDs includunt circuitus filter
quae aestimantur ut UL 1283 (Standard for Electromagnetic Interference
Filtra) Colum. Haec honorifica sunt UL recensiti sicut UL 1283 colum et UL
1449 SPD. Per definitionem et ambitum UL 1283, UL 1283 Filtra inscripta sunt
perpensum tantum applicationes ad onus lateris, non ad lineam lateralem applicationes.
Quocirca UL non honorifice nominat Type 1 SPD sicut UL 1283 Recensetur
sparguntur. Nihilominus, Typus 1 SPD colum UL 1283 includere potest ut a Cognito
Component intra Type 1 Enumeratum SPD, quod plene aestimatum est pro lineis
consuetudinem. Artificia talis productorum plerumque offerunt idem SPD ut a
Typus 2 UL 1449 Renumerantur SPD honorifice sicut UL 1283 Recensentur
filter.
Capacitores. Capacitors usus est in Type I SPDs potest aestimari pro salute
aliter quam in Type II SPDs. Omnes capacitors in Type I ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE applicationes sunt
aestimari ad Ul 810 (Latin Capacitors). Hoc includit eliquare capacitors
referenced supra in UL 1283 (Standard for Electromagnetic Intercessiones Filtra)
utilibus. Capacitores in Type II SPDs aestimantur ad UL 2 (Latin for
Capacitores ac Suppressores radio- televisificae ac televisificae Adjumentum) et / vel
UL 1283 (Latin invasio Electromagnetica Filtra).

Ul quid enim genera type SPD Quid est?prosurge2017-10-31T16:58:48+08:00

Ul quid enim genera type SPD Quid est?

Typus I SPDs (Index) - in perpetuum coniuncta, dura wired SPDs animo for
institutionem inter secundarium servitii transformatorem et lineam praecipui partem
ministerium armorum overcurrent tutela fabrica, ut onus partis principalis
ministerium armorum (id est Type 1's usquam institui potest intra distributionem
ratio). Type 1 SPDs includunt watt-horam metri nervum clausurae typus SPDs. Esse in
linea parte officii disconnect ubi nullae overcurrent tutelae machinas
custodire SPD, Type 1 SPDs enumerari debent sine usu externo overcurrent
tutela fabrica. Nominalis officii sint Current Rating pro Type I SPDs est vel "
Aut 10kA 20kA.

Typus I SPDs (Index) - in perpetuum coniuncta, dura wired SPDs animo for
installation on the main side of onus service apparatu armorum tutela machina supercurrent.
Hae SPDs possunt etiam in instrumento principali institui, sed institui debent
praecipuum munus tutelae overcurrent onus parte fabrica. Typus II SPDs ut vel ut
non requirit overcurrent praesidium fabrica per eorum NRTL presul. Si specifica
overcurrent protection is required, SPD's NRTL file listing and labeling/instructions
Requiruntur notandae magnitudinis ac speciei supercurrent tutelae fabrica. Nota: In quibusdam
casibus in overcurrent tutela fabrica adhiberi potest incursum etiam nominis missionem rating de
ad SPD. Exempli gratia, SPD 10 KA habere potest missionem nominalem currentis ratings
dum munitus per 30 Amp ambitum ruptor et 20 KA nominalis missionem current
aestimationem, cum munitus ab alio, sed specifico, fac et exemplar overcurrent
munimentum adsecutus. Nominales Dimissionem Current Rating pro Type II SPDs est III KA, V
KA, X KA, seu XX KA.

Typus 3 SPDs (Listed) - Hae SPDs vocantur, 'Puncta USUS SPDs', quae ad
installari minimum conductor longitudinem X meter (XXX pedes) ex electrica
servitium panel nisi expendantur in Type 2 SPDs (id est, nominalem recipiunt
Dimittite Current Rating of 3 KA minimum). De more, hae chirurgiae funiculi connexae sunt
denudat, direct obturaculum-in SPDs, vel receptaculum-type SPDs in utendo apparatu installatur
tutatus (ie computers, effingo machinis, etc.).

Typus 1, 2, 3 Pars Conventus SPDs (Component Recogniti) – Hae SPDs sunt
in animo esse officinas installed in electrica distribution apparatu vel fine usu
armorum. Haec Component SPDs aestimantur pro usu in Type 1, 2 vel 3
SPD applicationes. Haec pars SPDs necesse est omnia eadem defectum electrica salutem
probat quod enumerantur Type I, II vel III SPDs. Dum haec SPDs sunt C% obsecundantia a salute
deficientia probationis parte, hae Typus 1, 2 et 3 conventus componentium SPDs habent
conditiones probabiles ut expositae terminales vel mechanica constructione
quae requirit ut instituantur vel collocentur intra conventum recensitum ad tutelam faciendam
a nuditate ad partes vel alias necessitates vivere. Haec Type 1, 2 vel 3 Agnita
Component SPDs confundi non debent cum ANSI/UL 1449-2006 Type IV Component
Contiones et Typus V discretum SPD components quae requirunt additional components
(Fortasse salus disconnectors), consilium et probatio ad usum completum fluctu
tutela fabrica.

Typus IV Pars Conventus SPD (Component Recognized) - Haec componentia
comitia ex uno vel pluribus Type 5 SPD componentibus simul cum disconnectore
(integrale vel externum) vel modus obtemperandi probatis currenti limitatis in UL 1449;
Sectio 39.4. Hae sunt conventus SPD imperfecti, quae typice installantur
enumerantur products usus est finis, dummodo tota fuerint conditionibus probabile occurrit. Haec Type 4
pars imperfecta est in ecclesiis PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE, iudicium et ultra non requirere
licet iampridem SPD sto- unus in agrum. Quotiens opus cogitationes
additional overcurrent praesidium.

Typus 5 ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE (Component Recognized) - Discrete component fluctus praesidium machinas
ut MOVs quae in tabula wiring impressa collocari potest, cum suo ductu ori coniuncta
intra clausuram cum gradibus ascendendis et terminationibus wiring. Haec Type
5 Partes SPD incompletae sunt ut SPD, iudicium ulteriorem requirunt et non sunt
permittitur ut solus SPD instituatur in campo. Typus V SPDs sunt fere
componentibus in consilio et constructione perfectae SPDs vel aliis SPD
lacessebant.

Quid est Short ul Circuit Current Rating (SCCR)?prosurge2017-10-31T16:52:02+08:00

Quid est Short ul Circuit Current Rating (SCCR)?

SSCR-Brevis Circuit Current Rating. Apta SPD ad usum in AC potentiae circuii capax non plus quam declaratus currens typum symmetricum liberare in intentione declarata per brevem ambitum conditionem. SCCR non est idem ac AIC (Amp Interrupting Capacity). SCCR est moles currentis "praesto" quam SPD subici potest et tuto disiungi a fonte potentiae sub brevibus circumscriptionibus conditionibus. Copia hodiernae "interruptae" SPD typice minus significanter quam "praesto" currentis est.

Ul 1449 et National Electric code (NEC) requirere et SCCR (Short Circuit Current Rating) habere caracter in omnibus unitatibus PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE. Non rating tanquam radiationem discretam, sed maxime permissam interrumpere current et non in eventu est defectum PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE. Et NEC / ul postulationem habet quod sit probata et PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE intitulatum cum SCCR aequalis, aut major quam current praesto culpa in eo punctum ratio.

Quid est magna differentia specifica, cum PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE?prosurge2017-10-31T16:31:39+08:00

Quid est magna differentia specifica, cum PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE?

Cum differentia specifica PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE viris suis subditae sint manifesta, brevi narratione requiritur speciei perficientur consilio et features. A minimum specificatio includit:

Ul • fluctus rating

• suppressione rating

• Short circuitu rating

Per Pecco • fluctus modus current (perpendiculares sursum, LG, & NG)

• voltage Electrical de configuratione et ministerium

What is a Surge Protective Device or Surge Arrestor (SPD)?prosurge2017-10-31T16:30:05+08:00

What is a Surge Protective Device or Surge Arrestor (SPD)?

Unda electrica navitas ut fabrica est PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE apparatu disposito est limit. Quod hoc per fluctus languescere motu auerteret animum vel liberum circumscribat current. An PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE esse wired in parallel in apparatu praesidio in animo est. Cum fluctus eius voltage excedit rating sic disposito "Fibulae incipit esse« directe atque incipit ducere industria in electrica ratio grounding. An PRAEDICATORUM ABSOLUTORUM MULTIPLICATIONE habet malam contra ipsum in hoc tempore et in "bracis 'quod navitas ut atteritur. Semel est super fluctus ejus "opens:" Ascende, et non trigger stabat super aquas fluminis circuitu praeuaricatores.